1

Antiderivatives
Connections with differential equations

Lack of uniqueness of antiderivatives

Some examples
2
A basic differential equation
Consider
dy/dx = f(x) with y = y
0
when x = x
0


Need to find a function y satisfying y=f(x)
and whose graph goes through the point
(x
0
, y
0
)
As well see, the latter condition imposes
uniqueness
3
Example
10,000 is 0 at time population the of size the and
, 0 for ) ( 2 > = t t N
dt
dN
solution. unique the is
000 , 10 ) (
: Claim
2t
e t N =
ating. differenti of process the
reverse must we equations, of types these solve To
ating. differenti by solution a it was that Verified
4
Definition of antiderivative
Definition: A function F is called an antiderivative of
f on an interval I if
F' (x) = f (x) for x in I.

Example: Find antiderivatives of 4x
3

One given by x
4

Another by x
4
+ 347
Any of the form x
4
+ C, where C is a constant work
5
Consequences of Mean Value Theorem
] , [ on
constant is then , ) , ( all for 0 ) ( ' with
) , ( interval open the on able differenti and ] , [
interval closed the on continuous is If : 1 Fact
b a
f b a x x f
b a b a
f
e =
I x C x F x G
C
I x f
x G x F
e + = all for ) ( ) (
that so constant a exists
there then , interval an on ) ( function continuous
the of tives antideriva are ) ( and ) ( If : 2 Fact
constant a by differ must
function common a of tives antideriva Two : Conclusion
6
Examples
Find the general antiderivatives of the
following functions
2
3 ) ( x x f =
x x f sin ) ( =
x
e x f
5
) ( =
10
3 ) ( x x f =
13 4 ) (
2
+ + = x x x f
) 3 sec( ) 3 tan( ) ( x x x f =
7
An antiderivative table
Function tive Antideriva Particular
) (x kf
) (x kF
) ( ) ( x g x f +
) ( ) ( x G x F +
1 , = n x
n 1
1
1
+
+
n
x
n
x
1
| | ln x
ax
e
ax
e
a
1
) sin(ax
) cos(
1
ax
a

) cos(ax
) sin(
1
ax
a
) ( sec
2
ax ) tan(
1
ax
a
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Differential equations
0 ,
2

equation al differenti the of solution general the Find
3
> = x x
x dx
dy
1 0 ), sin(
equation al differenti the of solution general the Find
s s = s s
ds
dy
t
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Initial value problems
1 when 2 with 0 for , 2
problem value initial the Solve
= = > = x y x x
dx
dy
0 when 0 with 0 for ,
2
problem value initial the Solve
x -
= = >
+
= x y x
e e
dx
dy
x
10
Gravity
An object is dropped from a height of 100
ft. The acceleration due to gravity is
32 ft/sec
2
.
When will the object hit the ground?
What will be its speed at impact?