KS3 Physics

8J Magnets and Electromagnets

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Contents

8J Magnets and Electromagnets

Magnetic materials Magnetic fields Electromagnets Summary activities
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Magnetic materials
Which of the metals below are magnetic metals?

silver (Ag)

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Magnetic materials
A magnetic material is attracted to a magnet. Only iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are magnetic.

Ag
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Contents

8J Magnets and Electromagnets

Magnetic materials Magnetic fields Electromagnets Summary activities
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Forces between magnets experiment

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What is a magnetic field?

The region around a magnet where it has a magnetic effect is called its magnetic field. When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field it will experience a force.

The iron filings feel the effect of the magnetic field and show the direction of the forces in this region.
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Shape of a magnetic field

What is the shape and direction of the lines of force in the magnetic field around a bar magnet?

strongest field at poles

strongest field at poles

weakest field further away from poles

Where is the magnetic field strongest?
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Viewing magnetic fields: N poles together

Bring the north poles of two bar magnets together.

What happens to the magnets?

Next, bring the two north poles as close to each other as possible and place a piece of paper on top of the magnets. Carefully scatter iron filings onto the paper. Draw the pattern created by the iron filings.

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Magnetic field pattern: N poles together

What do you notice about the pattern of the lines of force in the region between the two north poles?

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Viewing magnetic fields: N and S poles together Bring the north and south poles of two bar magnets together.

What happens to the magnets?

Next, put the north and south poles close to each other, without letting them touch, and place a piece of paper on top.
Carefully scatter iron filings onto the paper. Draw the pattern created by the iron filings.

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Magnetic field pattern: N and S poles together

What do you notice about the pattern of the lines of force in the region between the north and south poles?

How does this pattern compare with the pattern between the two north poles?
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Magnetic fields summary

1. When two like poles (e.g. two north poles or two south
poles) are put together, they repel each other.

2. When two unlike poles (e.g. a north and a south pole)

are put together, they attract each other.

3. Scattering iron filings around a bar magnets makes it

possible to see the lines of force of the magnetic field.

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Making a magnet
A magnet can be made by magnetizing a material which is attracted to a magnet, e.g. a paper clip. There are three methods that can be used to make a magnet: Stroke a magnet along the paperclip from one end to the other and then starting from the same place, repeat the movement. The more times this is done, the more magnetic the clip becomes. Hold a nail in a magnetic field and hit it with a hammer.

Put a magnetic material in a strong magnetic field.

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Contents

8J Magnets and Electromagnets

Magnetic materials Magnetic fields Electromagnets Summary activities
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Making an electromagnet
When electricity is passed through a coil of wire, the coil has a magnetic field around it. This is called an electromagnet.
If the coil of wire is wrapped around a piece of iron, such as an iron nail, the magnetic field gets stronger.

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Investigating an electromagnet
An iron core at the centre of a coil of wire, increases the strength of an electromagnet.

Two experiments can be carried out to investigate the other factors that can affect the strength of an electromagnet:

1. Investigate how the number of coils affects the

number of paper clips attracted to an electromagnet keep the current the same in this experiment.

2. Investigate how the size of the current affects the

number of paper clips attracted to an electromagnet keep the number of coils the same in this experiment.
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Investigating an electromagnet results 1

Number of coils 0 20 40 60 80 Number of paper clips attracted

0
8

18
31

46

Remember keep the current the same throughout this experiment!

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Investigating an electromagnet results 2

Current (A) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Number of paper clips attracted 0

12 23

38
49 60

Remember keep the number of coils the same throughout this experiment!
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Investigating an electromagnet graph 1

Graph to show how the number of coils affects the strength of an electromagnet
number of clips attracted

50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 number of coils 80 100

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Investigating an electromagnet graph 2

Graph to show how the current affects the strength of an electromagnet

70
number of clips attracted

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
current (A)

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Using electromagnets scrap yards

A large electromagnet is used in a scrap yard to pick up and move heavy pieces of scrap metal.
What metals would the electromagnet attract?

What advantages does an electromagnet have over a permanent magnet?

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Using electromagnets door bells

The circuit for a door bells includes an electromagnet.

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Using electromagnets relay

Lifts, cars and other large electrical machines use high currents. A relay, which includes an electromagnet, is used to allow a small current in one circuit to control a large current in another circuit.

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Electromagnets summary
1. When electricity is passed through a coil of wire, the coil
behaves like a magnet and has a magnetic field around it this is an electromagnet.

2. There are three ways to make an electromagnet stronger:

wrap the coil of wire around an iron core; increase the number of coils; increase the size of the current.

3. An electromagnet can be easily turned on and off.

This is why electromagnets can be used in scrapyards and as switches in electrical devices.

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Contents

8J Magnets and Electromagnets

Magnetic materials Magnetic fields Electromagnets Summary activities
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Glossary attraction The force that pulls things together,

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e.g. opposite poles of two magnets. electromagnet A magnet made by passing electricity through a coil of wire, which often has a core inside. magnet An object that has a magnetic field and can attract magnetic materials. magnetic field The area around a magnet where its magnetic force can be felt. magnetic materials Materials that are attracted to a magnet, e.g. iron, cobalt and nickel. magnetism The non-contact force of a magnetic field. poles The parts of a magnet where its magnetic field is strongest. repulsion The force that pushes things away from each other, e.g. similar poles of two magnets.
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Anagrams

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Multiple-choice quiz

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