One of the most delicate and complex problems of modern industrial society.

NARROW PERCEPTION Conflict Resolution Passive Negative Reactive Ad hoc Fire Fighting POSITIVE PERCEPTION Responsive Vibrant Positive Lively Relations Less Friction Pro Activity

To include the relationships and interactions between employers and employees.

From this perspective, industrial relations covers all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource management, employee relations, and union-management (or labour) relations.

Now its meaning has become more specific and restricted.

Accordingly, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labormanagement relations. While human resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with nonunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers.

IR as the dealings or relationships of a usually large business or industrial enterprise with its own workers, with labour in general, with government agencies, or with the public --- Webster Dictionary

IR as the study of Human behaviour in the work place, focusing especially on the influence such relations have on an organizations productivity. --- Encyclopedia Britannica

The relationships which arise at and out of the workplace, and generally include:
the relationships between individual workers, the relationships between workers and their employer, the relationships between employers, the relationships employers and workers have with the organizations formed to promote their respective interests, and the relations between those organizations, at all levels.

By a variety of circumstances and actors such as political philosophies, economic imperatives, the role of the State in determining the direction of economic and social development, the influence of unions the business community, & the legacies of governments.

Psychological Approach: Perceptions of Labour & Management about the

factors influencing their relations. (Wages, Benefits, Working Conditions, etc)

Sociological Approach: Sociological factors such as the value system,

customs, and traditions affect the relations between labour and management.

Human Relations Approach: Human behaviour is influenced by feelings,

sentiments, and attitudes. People do not like the idea of being treated as machines.

Gandhian Approach: The trusteeship theory advocated by him highlights the fact that wealth belongs to the society and not to the owners of an enterprise. Giri Approach: Collective bargaining and joint negotiations be used to settle disputes between labour and management.

Forces shaping the IR System in India:

The colonial History The governments role in IR-preventive and regulatory India being a founder member of ILO The political movement for Freedom and labour participation Worker centric State policies The protection of domestic industries-import substitution Multiplicity of Trade Unions and political affiliation of Trade Unions Labour in Concurrent List

Class conflicts also termed as Industrial Disputes arise from variety of sources for a variety of reasons. Some are innocent misunderstandings of regulations or policies but others are much more complicated, sometimes with malicious intent. Categorization: Disputes of Rights Disputes of Interests

Disputes

Dispute of Interest As a matter of negotiation

Dispute of Right Procedural Agreement

Weapons used by Labour Strike: Primary or Secondary

Weapons of Management Lock out

Boycott
Picketing Gherao

Termination
Suspension

Causes of Industrial Disputes:

*Economic *Personnel *Misc. *Political *Indiscipline

Conciliation
Conciliation Officer Board of Conciliation Court of Enquiry

Arbitration
Adjudication
Labour Courts Industrial or State Tribunals National tribunal

Social Security Laws

Employees State Insurance Act Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act Employees' Compensation Act Maternity Benefit Act Payment of Gratuity Act

Work conditions & Industrial Relations

Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act Factories Act Industrial Disputes Act Trade Unions Act

Wages
Minimum Wages Act Payment of Wages Act Payment of Bonus Act

Composition of Labour
Contract Labour (regulation & abolition) Act
Apprentices Act Interstate Migrant Labour Act