Music Education in the 17th and 18th Centuries

The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason

What was going on!

A revolt of the spirit

Against religions, the church, metaphysics, formality, privilege For natural morality, common sense, individual freedom, equal rights, universal education Practical knowledge vs. supernatural dogma The Industrial Revolution Rise of the Middle Class

Four aspects of life & thought

Cosmopolitan Age
Humanitarian Age Popularization of Art and Literature

Prosaic Age

Cosmopolitan Age
German

kings were in charge of England, Spanish king on the throne of Italy Person in charge of a country may not have been from that country Age of sharing of information including music

Humanitarian Age

Attempts at social reform to keep the middle class happy, didnt do well in Education

Popularization of Art and Literature

Rise

of public concerts 1725 in Paris 1771 in Vienna The amateur musician bought music Rise in amateur musicians

Prosaic Age
The

best prose was more important than poetry Clarity over passion Imitate nature

Religious ism that arose

Deism - religion gives credence

to a God, but not to a particular sec. (Jefferson was one) God should be worshiped but on an individual level Natural morality, God created then he took a rest forever

Religious ism that arose

Pietism - reaction against

reformation German movement (Bach in later life) cause of rise in German nationalism
renewed

emphasis in biblical

teaching

Important Educators
John Amos Comenius (1592-1670)
John Locke (1632-1704) Jean Jacque Rousseau (1712-1778)

John Amos Comenius

He

wrote The Great Didactic (1632) His philosophy of Education Teach in vernacular Not focused on religion Seek and find teaching method Teach less and learn more guided by piety, morality and learning Pan sophism - learn everything possible - all men can acquire all human knowledge.

John Amos Comenius

His

fundamentals of learning

Basics mean go from the simple to complex Leaning should be sequenced Maturational readiness Process of learning grows out of human development Learn facts first, then the knowledge of general principles

John Amos Comenius

Stages of learning for each stage of learning there should be a structure of learning

Infancy - the mother Childhood - vernacular or elementary school (compulsory age 6-12) 3rs history, religion and music Boyhood/girlhood - Latin school/Gymnasium (ages 12-18 not compulsory) usually in big towns added Latin, Greek, Hebrew, History, Religion, and Music At the end of this level, they were tested to see if further schooling was warranted Youth - University (18+ located in larger industrial area) Learn everything you possibly can

This was called the educational latter

John Amos Comenius

learning

should match the age each grade in their separate rooms balance of recitation, instruction and recreation What you give the student should be what they can handle isolate what is learned specifically Cross curricular learning

John Amos Comenius

His methods

The process should be a happy thing Firm not cruel Conduct ed without blows, rigor or compulsion Learning is speedy when it is pleasant and thorough Teacher determines whether the student learns or not Leaning is more meaningful if the students actively manipulate it We learn by doing Education should be tailored to the individual learner

John Locke (1632-1704)

Founder of empirical realism All ideas come from the external world through sensations and perceptions

You learn through experience

Ideas All men are created equal Live, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Tricameral government - legislative, judicial, and executive branch Majority rules Rights are protected by the state and not restricted

John Locke

Aims of education Not as universal as Comenius Interested in the education of the English gentlemen Proper way of doing things Social learning that was done in American public schools Education was to foster virtue Punishment should be applied so students learn and geared to individual child Not a friend of music

Music is not worth suffering the learning It waste time to get a moderate skill

John Locke

Major contributions
Empiricism

- doctrine that holds all knowledge is gained through senses

essay concerning human understanding 1689 You learn from experience

Tabla

Rasa - blank slate concept

Emphasis on the role of the senses so much that the difference between a dunce and a genius is the changed by education the earlier the better

Jean Jacque Rousseau (17121778)

He was in 1762 - he wrote The theory of social contract and Emile Social contract was the ignition point of the French Revolution

He explained why a government deserved the right to rule by providing protection and services, in exchange for a reduction of personal rights and taxes But, if the government was corrupt, the people had the right to revolt He is brought up in a way that is not corrupt, he is isolated from society until he can deal with society It is a social living trestle

Emile speaks on how a child should be raised

Jean Jacque Rousseau

He proposes a stages theory of children became the first advocate of child psychology Children are different and needs He influenced Piaget Stages

Age 0-5 - bent to gaining control of the body Age 5-12 - a child uses senses to explore the world around as they come in contact with it Teacher must resist explaining Age 12-15 - capacity to reason becomes fully present Age 15-20 - ability to consider humans feelings and a loss of egocentrism

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Music Education in the 17th & 18th test.doc