Chapter 3 DC to DC Converters

Outline 3.1 Basic DC to DC converters 3.1.1 Buck converter (Step- down converter) 3.1.2 Boost converter (Step-up converter) 3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and connection of multiple DC/DC converters 3.2.1 A current-reversible chopper 3.2.2 Bridge chopper (H-bridge DC/DC converter) 3.2.3 Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converters

3.1 Basic DC to DC converters 3.1.1Buck converter

SPDT switch changes dc Vg component + Switch output voltage waveform Duty cycle D: 0 D 1 complement D: D = 1 - D
Vs(t)

1 2

+ Vs(t)

V(t)

Vg DTs
switch position:

D Ts 0 DTs Ts 2 1 t

0 1

Dc component of switch output voltage

Vs(t)

Vg
area= D Ts Vg

<Vs>=DVg 0 DTs Ts t

Fourier analysis:DC component =average value: <Vs> = <Vs> =

1 Ts
Ts 0

Vs(t) dt

1 DTsVg =DVg Ts

Insertion of low- pass filter to remove switching harmonics and pass only dc component

1 Vg
+ -

+ Vs(t) C

V(t) -

v<vs> =DVg

V Vg o 0 1 D

Basic operation principle of buck converter

1 Buck converter with ideal switch Vg
+ L

+ Vs(t) C

V(t) -

+ L

ic(t) R

Realization using power MOSFET and diode Vg + -

iL(t)
+
DTs Ts t

VL(t) D1

Thought process in analyzing basic DC/DC converters

1) Basic operation principle (qualitative analysis) How does current flows during different switching states How is energy transferred during different switching states 2) Verification of small ripple approximation 3) Derivation of inductor voltage waveform during different switching states 4) Quantitative analysis according to inductor volt-second balance or capacitor charge balance

Actual output voltage waveform of buck converter

1

iL(t)+
2

L VL(t)

ic(t)
C +

Buck converter containing practical low-pass filter Vg

+ -

V(t) -

v(t ) Actual output voltage waveform v(t ) = V + v ripple(t) 0 V

Actual waveform

v(t ) = V + v ripple(t)
DC component V

Buck converter analysis: inductor current waveform

1

iL(t)+
2

L VL(t)

ic(t)
C +

original converter

Vg
+ -

V(t) -

iL(t)+
Vg
+ -

Switch in position 1 L

Switch in position 2 L + + VL(t)

VL(t) C

ic(t) R

ic(t)
C

V(t) -

Vg
+ -

V(t) -

iL(t)

Inductor voltage and current subinterval 1: switch in position 1

Inductor voltage vL=Vg - v(t) Small ripple approximation: vL=Vg - V Vg

iL(t)+
+ -

L VL(t)

ic(t)
C +

V(t) -

Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via diL(t) dt Solve for the slope: vL(t)=L vL(t) Vg - V diL(t) = L L dt the inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope

Inductor voltage and current subinterval 2: switch in position 2

+ L VL(t)

Inductor voltage vL= - v(t) Small ripple approximation: vL - V Vg

+ -

ic(t)
C +

V(t) -

iL(t)

Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via diL (t) dt Solve for the slope: vL(t)=L V diL(t) L dt the inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope

Inductor voltage and current waveforms

VL(t)

Vg -V DTs
switch position:

DTs t -V diL (t) dt

1 iL(t) I iL(0) iL(DTs) Vg -V L DTs

1 iL

vL(t)=L

-V L Ts t

Determination of inductor current ripple magnitude

iL(t) I iL(0) iL(DTs) Vg -V L DTs Vg -V L -V L Ts

iL

changes in iL=slope length of subinterval

2 iL = iL = Vg -V 2L DTs DTs

L =

Vg -V DTs 2 iL

Inductor current waveform during start-up transient

iL(t)

iL(Ts) iL(0)=0 0 DTs Ts

Vg v(t) L -v(t) L 2Ts

iL(nTs) iL((n+1)Ts) nTs (n+1)Ts t

When the converter operates in equilibrium: iL((n+1)Ts)= iL(nTs)

The principle of inductor volt- second balance: Derivation

diL (t) vL(t)=L dt

Inductor defining relation:

Integrate over one complete switching period:

1 iL(Ts) - iL(0)= L

Ts 0

VL(t) dt

In periodic steady state, the net changes in inductor current is zero:

0 =

Ts 0

VL(t) dt

Hence, the total area(or volt-seconds)under the inductor voltage waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state. An equivalent form: Ts

0 =

1 Ts
0

VL(t) dt = <vL>

The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state.

Inductor volt-second balance:Buck converter example

VL(t)

inductor voltage waveform previously derived: Vg -V DTs

total area t -V

Integral of voltage waveform is area of rectangles:

=

Ts 0

VL(t) dt = (Vg V)( DTs)+( -V) ( DTs)

average voltage is

<vL> =

=D (Vg V) +D'( -V) Ts

Equate to zero and solve for V:

0=D Vg (D+D')V= D Vg V

V=D Vg

3.1.2Boost converter

Boost converter example

L

2 iC(t) 1
C +

Boost converter with ideal switch

iL(t) + Vg
+ -

vL(t)

v -

+ L

D1 ic(t) Q1
C +

Realization using power MOSFET and diode Vg + -

iL(t)

VL(t)
t

v -

DTs Ts

+ -

Boost converter analysis

L

2 iC(t) 1
C +

original converter

iL(t) + Vg
+ -

vL(t)

v -

Switch in position 1 L

Switch in position 2 L

iL(t) + Vg
+ -

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

iL(t) +
-

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

v Vg + -

v -

Subinterval 1: switch in position 1

Inductor voltage and capacitor current vL=Vg iC= - v/R Small ripple approximation: vL=Vg iC= - V/R Vg
+ L

iL(t) +

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

v -

Subinterval 2: switch in position 2

Inductor voltage and capacitor current vL=Vg -v iC=iL - v/R Small ripple approximation: vL=Vg -V iC= I - V/R Vg
+ L

iL(t) +

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

v -

Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms

VL(t)

Vg DTs

D'Ts t

iC(t)

Vg -V 1 V/R DTs -V/R D'Ts t

Inductor volt- second balance

Net volt-seconds applied to inductor over one switching period
VL(t)

Ts 0

Vg DTs

D'Ts t Vg -V

VL(t) dt = ( Vg) DTs+(Vg V) D'Ts

Equate to zero and collect terms VgD+ D'-VD'=0 Solve for V V= Vg D' The voltage conversion ratio is therefore 1 V 1 MD= = D' = 1-D Vg

Conversion ratio M(D) of the boost converter

5 4 MD 3 2 1 0 0

1 1 MD= D' = 1-D

0.2

0.4 D

0.6

0.8

Determination of inductor current dc component

Capacitor charge balance iC(t) V R DTs I V/R D'Ts t -V/R I Vg/R 8 6 4 0 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 D 1

Ts 0

iC(t) dt =-

V R

DTs +I-

D'Ts

Collect terms and equate to zero V - D+D'+I D'=0 R Solve for I I= V D'R

Eliminate V to express in terms of Vg Vg I= 2 D' R

Continuous- Conduction- Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction-Mode (DCM) of boost

L VD

EM

uo

a)

3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and connection of multiple DC/DC converters 3.2.1 A current reversible chopper
V1 E V2 VD1 uo M EM VD2 L R io

uo
O

io iV1
O

iD1

t t

Can be considered as a combination of a Buck and a Boost Can realize two- quadrant (I & II) operation of DC motor: forward motoring, forward braking

uo
O

io

t iV2 iD2 t

3.2.2Bridge chopper (H-bridge chopper)

V1 E V2 VD1 VD2 L

uo R io M EM

V3 VD4

V4

VD3

3.2.3Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converter

V1 L V2 V3 E C i1 L1 i0 M

i 2 L2 i 3 L3

VD1 VD2 VD3

u1

u2 u3

Current output capability is increased due to multi- channel paralleling. Ripple in the output voltage and current is reduced due to multi-channel paralleling. Ripple in the input current is reduced due to multi- phase paralleling.