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Introduction Input sources Mathematical Model Sensitivity analysis Limitations
Physical process:
Re-aeration by atmosphere
Introduction
Modeling the effects of release of oxidizable organic matter into a flowing body of water DO = chemical measurement of dissolved oxygen (mg L-1) BOD = total DO needed to oxidize organic matter in a water sample = change from initial DO at saturation to amount after 5 days
BOD
time
Introduction
Standard of living ~ adequate water and wastewater treatment
Human Risks Challenge of preventing rapid spead of disease e.g. typhoid fever (bacteria), hepatitis (viruses), cryptosporidosis (protozoa) Removed by sand filtration and chlorination/ozonation Aquatic Risks Aerobic organisms depend on DO 8-12 mg L-1 Affected by temperature and salt
without trmt:
with trmt:
End
Review
BOD measured in lab DO measured after several days (flat portion of curve)
CHEM3500/3550
ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/pollutant_fate/
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Wastewater-Treatment-and-Management.html
Movie
1. Wastewater Treatment and Discharge (2000) 2. Wastewater Generation and Collection (2000) 3. Our Urban Environment: Water Quality (2000)
End
Review
Mathematical Model
Take a river: What parameters and processes would be important in developing a model for the oxidation of organic waste?
Amount DO consumed
where:
D = DO concentration deficit (value below saturation) (mg L-1), k2= the re-aeration constant (in d-1), BODL= the ultimate BOD (in mg L-1), k= the BOD rate constant for oxidation (d-1), x = distance downstream from the point source (km), v = average water velocity (km d-1) Do= initial oxygen deficit of mixed stream and wastewater (mg L-1)
D is not the remaining DO content but the amount of original DO consumedmust be subtracted from original DO without BOD waste
Where k is obtained from a 20 day BOD experiment D0 = DO level in the stream upstream from input - initial DO of stream-waste mixture
Zone of Clean Water (Zone 1) Zone of Degradation (Zone 2) Zone of Active Decomposition (Zone 3) Zone of Recovery (Zone 4) Zone of Cleaner Water (Zone 5)
Dc =
k BODL exp(-k(xc/v)) k 2
Problem
Example Problem: A city discharges 25 million gallons per day of domestic sewage into a stream whose typical rate of flow is 250 cubic feet per second. The velocity of the stream is appoximately 3 miles per hour. The temperature of the sewage is 21 C, while that of the stream is 15 C. The 20 C BOD5 of the sewage is 180 mg/L, while that of the stream is 1.0 mg/L. The sewage contains no DO, but the stream is 90% saturated upstream of the discharge. At 20 C, k is estimated to be 0.34 per day while k2 is 0.65 per day.
1. Determine Dc and its location. 2. Estimate the 20 C BOD5 of a sample taken at xc. 3. Plot the curve.
1. Determine DO in stream before discharge (=upstream DO): Saturation conc. at 15 C = 10.2 mg/L Upstream is 90% saturated = 10.2 mg/L x 0.90 = 9.2 mg/L 2. Determine mixture, T, DO, and BOD using mass balance:
Flow rate stream: = 250 ft3/s = 612 x 106 L/d
Temperature of mixture: T = stream input + sewage input output effect 0 = (stream flow)(stream temp.) + (sewage flow)( sewage temp) (mix flow)(mix temp) 0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(15 C) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(20 C) (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)Tmix Tmix = (612 x 106 L/d)(15 C) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(20 C) = 15.7 C (612 x 106 L/d +94.8 x 106 L/d) DO in mixture Net change in DO = Stream input + Sewage output Output 0 = (stream flow)(stream DO) + (sewage flow)(sewage DO) (mix flow)(mix DO) 0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(9.2 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(0.0) - (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)(Domix) DOmix = (612 x 106 L/d)(9.2 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(0.0 mg/L) (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d) = 7.97 mg/L
BOD5 of mixture: Net change in BOD5 = BOD5 = Stream input + Sewage output Output 0 = (stream flow)(stream BOD5) + (sewage flow)(sewage BOD5) (mix flow)(mix BOD5) 0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(1.0 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(80 mg/L) - (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)(BOD5)
BOD5mixture = (612 x 106 L/d)(1.0 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(80 mg/L) = 25.0 mg/L (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d) BODL of mixture (at 20 C) BODL = BOD5 1 exp(-k(x/v) = 25.0 mg/L 1 exp(-0.34/d)(5 d) = 30.6 mg/L
5. Determine Dc:
V = 3 mi/h = 72 mi/d Dc = k BODL exp(-k(xc/v) k2
= 0.197 d-1 (30.6 mg/L) exp(-(0.197 d-1)(174.2 mi / 72 mi d-1))) 0.587 d-1 = 6.37 mg L-1 The DO will be depressed 6.37 mg L-1 from saturation. Minimum DO = 9.2 mg L-1 - 6.37 mg L-1 = 2.83 mg L-1
Easier method
End
Review
Sensitivity Analysis
Limitations
It uses average re-aeration rates of the stream (problem in alternating riffle and pool areas)
Sedimentation is not allowed in the basic model, but can be incorporated with additional experimental data
Remediation
Problems are: -Eutrophication -Odors -Low/no D.O. -Aquatic death -Microbes/Pathogens
Source removal! (install treatment plant) including BOD, NO3-, NH3/NH4+, PO43removal, but you still will have organic rich sediments for some time
End
Review
Further Reading
Journals and Reports Wipple, G.C. and Wipple, M.C. (1911) Solubility of oxygen in sea water. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 3 pp 362.
Books
Craun, G. (1986) Waterborne Diseases in the United States. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Meadows, D., Randers, J., and Meadows, D. (2004) Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Chelsea Gren Publishing Compnay, White River Junction, VT. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (1991) Wastewater Engineering, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. (1978) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. McGrawHill, New York. Snoeyink, V.L. and Jenkins, D. (1980) Water Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed. (1998) American Waterworks Association, Washington D.C. Streeter, H.W. and Phelps, E.B. (1925) A Study of the Pollution and natural Purification of the Ohio River. United States Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L. (1991) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. McGraw-Hill, New York.