Emulsion

1. Definition 2. Applications 3. Classification 4. Theory of emulsification 5. Stability of emulsion 6. reser!ation of emulsion ". Emulsion preparation #. $ascent metho% &. Dry 'um 1(. )et 'um 11. *ncorporation of %ru's into emulsion 12. +icroemulsion

Emulsion
An emulsion is a thermo%ynamically unstable system consistin' of at least t-o immiscible li.ui% phases/ one of -hich is %isperse% as 'lobules in the other li.ui% phase/ stabili4e% by the presence of an emulsifyin' a'ent.

A,. T-o immisicble li.ui%s/ not emulsifie%0 1,. An emulsion of hase 1 %isperse% in hase A0 C,. The unstable emulsion pro'ressi!ely separates0 D,. The 2purple3 surfactant positions itself on the interfaces bet-een hase A an% hase 1/ stabili4in' the emulsion

harmaceutical application of emulsions

56) emulsion is con!enient for oral %osin' To co!er unpleasant taste To increase oral absorption *.7. 56)/ if oral o6- not possible 28ES upta9e3 E:ternal use 2topical cream3

A broa%;spectrum antifun'al a'ent a%ministere% orally to treat a !ariety of fun'al infections.

Emulsion types
Types 5il;in;-ater 2o6-3 )ater;in;oil 2-6o3 5il;in;-ater;in;oil 2o6-6o3 )ater;in;oil;in;-ater 2-6o6-3 Determination of o/w or w/o )ater soluble %ye 2e.'./ methylene blue3 Dilution of emulsions Con%uction of current

Theory of emulsification

Chan'e from A to 1 -ill si'nificantly increase of the surface area of phase. e.'./ if 1 cm3 of mineral oil is %isperse% into 'lobules ha!in' %iameter of (.(1 m in 1 cm3 of -ater/ ho- much -ill be the surface area increase%. The surface area -ill become 6(( m2 2'reater than a bas9etball court30 the surface free ener'y -ill increase by # calories. Therefore/ emulsions are thermo%ynamically unstable/ an% the %roplets ha!e the ten%ency to coalesce. Emulsifyin' a'ents are nee%e% to %ecrease the surface tension an% to stabili4e the %roplets.

Classification of emulsifyin' a'ents

Surface acti!e a'ents 2monomolecular film3 <y%rophilic colloi%s 2multimolecular film3 =inely %i!i%e% soli% particles 2 articulate film3

+onomolecular a%sorption

8ule of 1ancroft> The type of the emulsion is a function of the relati!e solubility of the surfactant/ the phase in -hich it is more soluble bein' the continuous phase.

+ultimolecular a%sorption an% film formation

1. <y%rate% lyophilic colloi%s 2hy%rocolloi%s3
pro!i%in' a protecti!e sheath aroun% the %roplets impartin' a char'e to the %isperse% %roplets 2so that they repel each other3 s-ellin' to increase the !iscosity of the system 2so that %roplets are less li9ely to mer'e3 !e'etable %eri!ati!es/ e.'./ acacia/ tra'acanth/ a'ar/ pectin/ lecithin animal %eri!ati!es/ e.'./ 'elatin/ lanolin/ cholesterol Semi;synthetic a'ents/ e.'./ methylcellulose/ carbo:ymethylcellulose Synthetic a'ents/ e.'./ carbomers 2 E? an% acrylic aci%3

2. Classification of hy%rocolloi%s

Soli% particle a%sorption

Description: =inely %i!i%e% soli% particles that are -ette% to
some %e'ree by both oil an% -ater can act as emulsifyin' a'ents. This results from their bein' concentrate% at the interface/ -here they pro%uce a particulate film aroun% the %isperse% %roplets to pre!ent coalescence. !ee'um 2+a'nesium Aluminum Silicate3/ hectorite/ ma'nesium hy%ro:i%e/ aluminum hy%ro:i%e an% ma'nesium trisilicate

Example of agents> bentonite 2Al253.4Si52.<253/

Auxiliary Emulsifying Agents
A !ariety of fatty aci%s 2e.'./ stearic aci%3/ fatty alcohols 2e.'./ stearyl or cetyl alcohol3/ an% fatty esters 2e.'./ 'lyceryl monostearate3 ser!e to stabili4e emulsions throu'h their ability to thic9en the emulsion. 1ecause these a'ents ha!e only -ea9 emulsifyin' properties/ they are al-ays use in combination -ith other emulsifiers.

Au:iliary emulsifyin' a'ents

Au:iliary 2secon%ary3 emulsifyin' a'ents inclu%e those compoun%s that are normally incapable themsel!es of formin' stable emulsion. Their main !alues lies in their ability to function as thic9enin' a'ents an% thereby help stabili4e the emulsion.

hysical stability of emulsion

Creamin'
Creamin' is the up-ar% mo!ement of %isperse% %roplets of emulsion relati!e to the continuous phase 2%ue to the %ensity %ifference bet-een t-o phases3

Sto9e,s la->

%:6%t @ %2 2i;e3'61#

%:6%t @ rate of settin' D @ %iameter of particles @ %ensity of particles an% me%ium ' @ 'ra!itational constant @ !iscosity of me%ium

hysical stability of emulsion

1rea9in'/ coalescence/ a''re'ation
1rea9in' is the %estroyin' of the film surroun%in' the particles. Coalescence is the process by -hich emulsifie% particles mer'e -ith each to form lar'e particles. A''re'ation> %isperse% particles come to'ether but %o not fuse.

The maAor fact pre!entin' coalescence is the mechanical stren'th of the interfacial film.

hysical stability of emulsion

hase in!ersion
An emulsion is sai% to in!ert -hen it chan'es from an o6- to -6o or !ice !ersa.

A%%ition of electrolyte
A%%ition of CaCl2 into o6- emulsion forme% by so%ium stearate can be in!erte% to -6o.

Chan'in' the phase>!olume ratio

reser!ation of emulsions
?ro-th of microor'anisms in emulsions reser!ati!es shoul% be in a.ueous phase. reser!ati!es shoul% be in unioni4e% state to penetrate the bacteria reser!ati!es must not bin% to other components of the emulsion

+etho%s of emulsion preparation

Continental or %ry 'um metho% En'lish of -et 'um metho% 1ottle or =orbes bottle metho% Au:iliary metho% *n situ soap metho%

Calcium soaps> -6o emulsions contain oils such as oleic aci%/ in combination -ith lime -ater 2calcium hy%ro:i%e solution/ BS 3. repare% by mi:in' e.ual !olumes of oil an% lime -ater.

$ascent soap
5il phase> oli!e oil6oleic aci%0 oli!e
oil may be replace% by other oils/ but oleic aci% must be a%%e%

Cime -ater> Ca25<32 shoul% be freshly prepare%. E.ual !olume of oil an% lime -ater The emulsion forme% is -6o or o6-D +etho% of preparation>

1ottle metho%> +ortar metho%> -hen the formulation contains soli% insoluble such as 4inc o:i%e an% calamine.

Dry 'um metho% 24>2>1 metho%3

The continental metho% is use% to prepare the initial or primary emulsion from oil/ -ater/ an% a hy%rocolloi% or E'umE type emulsifier 2usually acacia3. The primary emulsion/ or emulsion nucleus/ is forme% from 4 parts oil/ 2 parts -ater/ an% 1 part emulsifier. The 4 parts oil an% 1 part emulsifier represent their total amounts for the final emulsion. *n a mortar/ the 1 part 'um 2e.'./ acacia3 is le!i'ate% -ith the 4 parts oil until the po-%er is thorou'hly -ette%0 then the 2 parts -ater are a%%e% all at once/ an% the mi:ture is !i'orously an% continually triturate% until the primary emulsion forme% is creamy -hite. A%%itional -ater or a.ueous solutions may be incorporate% after the primary emulsion is forme%. Soli% substances 2e.'./ acti!e in're%ients/ preser!ati!es/ color/ fla!ors3 are 'enerally %issol!e% an% a%%e% as a solution to the primary emulsion. 5il soluble substance/ in small amounts/ may be incorporate% %irectly into the primary emulsion. Any substance -hich mi'ht re%uce the physical stability of the emulsion/ such as alcohol 2-hich may precipitate the 'um3 shoul% be a%%e% as near to the en% of the process as possible to a!oi% brea9in' the emulsion. )hen all a'ents ha!e been incorporate%/ the emulsion shoul% be transferre% to a calibrate% !essel/ brou'ht to final !olume -ith -ater/ then homo'eni4e% or blen%e% to ensure uniform %istribution of in're%ients.

reparin' emulsion by %ry 'um metho%

Co% li!er oil Acacia Syrup =la!or oil urifie% -ater/ .s a% 5( mC 12.5 ' 1( mC (.4 mC 1(( mC

1. Accurately -ei'h or measure each in're%ient 2. lace co% li!er oil in %ry mortar 3. A%% acacia an% 'i!e it a !ery .uic9 mi: 4. A%% 25 mL of -ater an% imme%iately triturate to form the thic9/ -hite/ homo'enous primary emulsion 5. A%% the fla!or an% mi: 6. A%% syrup an% mi: ". A%% sufficient -ater to total 1(( mC

)et 'um metho%

*n this metho%/ the proportions of oil/ -ater/ an% emulsifier are the same 24>2>13/ but the or%er an% techni.ues of mi:in' are %ifferent. The 1 part 'um is triturate% -ith 2 parts -ater to form a mucila'e0 then the 4 parts oil is a%%e% slo-ly/ in portions/ -hile trituratin'. After all the oil is a%%e%/ the mi:ture is triturate% for se!eral minutes to form the primary emulsion. Then other in're%ients may be a%%e% as in the continental metho%. ?enerally spea9in'/ the En'lish metho% is more %ifficult to perform successfully/ especially -ith more !iscous oils/ but may result in a more stable emulsion.

1ottle metho%
This metho% may be use% to prepare emulsions of !olatile oils/ or olea'inous substances of !ery lo!iscosities. This metho% is a !ariation of the %ry 'um metho%. 5ne part po-%ere% acacia 2or other 'um3 is place% in a %ry bottle an% four parts oil are a%%e%. The bottle is cappe% an% thorou'hly sha9en. To this/ the re.uire% !olume of -ater is a%%e% all at once/ an% the mi:ture is sha9en thorou'hly until the primary emulsion forms. *t is important to minimi4e the initial amount of time the 'um an% oil are mi:e%. The 'um -ill ten% to imbibe the oil/ an% -ill become more -aterproof.

Au:iliary metho%
An emulsion prepare% by other metho%s can also usually be impro!e% by passin' it throu'h a han% homo'eni4er/ -hich forces the emulsion throu'h a !ery small orifice/ re%ucin' the %isperse% %roplet si4e to about 5 microns or less.

*ncorporation of me%icinal a'ents A%%ition of %ru' %urin' emulsion formation A%%ition of %ru's to a preforme% emulsion
1. A%%ition of olea'inous materials into a -6o emulsion 2. A%%ition of olea'inous materials to an o6- emulsion 3. A%%ition of -ater soluble materials to a -6o emulsion 4. A%%ition of -ater soluble materials to an o6- emulsion

+icroemulsion
+icroemulsions are thermo%ynamically stable/ optically transparent/ isotropic mi:tures of a biophasic oil;-ater system stabili4e% -ith surfactants. +icroemulsion Emulsion Stability Transparent Si4e =ormation Type Thermo%ynamically Ges 1(;2(( nm Spontaneous o6-/ -6o/ cylin%er Finetically $o +ainly (.1;1( m $o o6-/ -6o/ -6o6-/ o6-6o

harmaceutical applications of microemulsions *ncrease bioa!ailability of %ru's poorly soluble in -ater Topical %ru' %eli!ery systems

reparation of nanoparticles from microemulsion precursors