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Elastic design method limits the usefulness to the allowable stress of the material, which is well below the elastic limit In plastic design method, the ultimate load is regarded as the design criterion. Plastic design method is rapid and provides a rational approach for the analysis. Plastic design method can be easily applied in the analysis and design of statically indeterminate framed structures.
INTRODUCTION
fy
Strain
Stress
fy
Tension Strain
Compression fy
Material obeys Hooke's law until the stress reaches the upper yield value; on further straining, the stress drops to the lower yield value and thereafter remains constant. Homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic and plastic states. Plane transverse sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis after bending.
The yield stresses and the modulus of elasticity have the same value in compression and tension. No resultant axial force on the beam. Cross section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid parallel to plane of bending.
Every layer of the material is free to expand and contract longitudinally and laterally under stress.
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Axis
fy
Neutral
Axis
fy
b Neutral
d
fy
Axis
(b) I - section
fy
A1
y1
y2
G1
C = fy .A1
G2
A2
T = fy . A2
fy
Total compression , C
Total tension , T
Plastic Hinges
Plastic hinge - a yielded zone at which an infinite rotation can take place at a constant plastic moment.
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Plastic Hinges
Hinged Length of a Simply Supported Beam with
1 L 3
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Mechanism condition
The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism is formed.
Equilibrium condition
Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Mxy = 0
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Mechanism
- Beam Mechanism
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Mechanism - 2
Beam Mechanism
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Mechanism - 3
Beam Mechanism
Fixed beam
2 3
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Mechanism - 4
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Mechanism - 5
Combined Mechanism
(Two hinges on the beam + 2 hinges at the base)
Two hinges developed on the beam
Combined Mechanism
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Load Factor and Theorems of Plastic Collapse Plastic analysis is governed by three theorems Lower Bound or Static Theorem
For a given structure and loading, if there exists any distribution of bending moment throughout the structure which is both safe and statically admissible with a set of loads W, the value of W must be less than or equal to the collapse load Wc
i.e,
W <= Wc
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W >= Wc
Uniqueness Theorem Static and kinematic theorem can be combined to form a theorem which gives unique value for collapse load. This theorem is called uniquenness theorem
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Yield zone
Stiff length
B. M. D.
P=0
MA
P=0
Loading
C
L
MP
MP Collapse
MP
MP
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Continuous Beams
10W 10W
6W
2L
2L
3L
2L
2L
3L
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Collapse pattern 1:
2 10W
2
3 5
10W
6W
Collapse pattern 2:
10W
10W
3
6W
Collapse pattern 3:
2 5
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