Literature Review:

By Ph.D Scholar Dep. of Materials Engineering

Guide: Department of Materials Engineering

Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU) Girinagar, Pune

Outline
Introduction Applications Summery of Literature Objective Work Plan Literature review

Summary

Introduction
Most of the technological applications of piezoelectricity used nowadays are based on ferroelectric materials. Ferroelectric materials exhibit spontaneous polarization even in the absence of external field. Ferroelectric materials are dielectric materials which pocess both dielectric behaviour and behaviour of ferromagnetic materials. Piezoelectricity may refer to the coupling between electric field or polarization and stress or deformation. Piezo means pressure, up on application of pressure the material will be electrically polarized.

Introduction cont..
Piezoelectric behavior is of two ways.
Converse piezoelectric effect

Direct piezoelectric effect

Introduction cont..
One-dimensional equations of piezoelectric material D = TE + d33T S = d33E + sET
D- electric displacement; E- electric field; T- stress; sE -compliance; T -dielectric constant.

Relation between the piezoelectric voltage constant and piezoelectric strain constant: g33= d33/ 0 r 0 and r are dielectric constant of free space and relative permitivity.
Relation between dielectric constant and capacitence: = C t/ oS
C- capcitance; t- thickness; S- surface area
5

Source: IEEE Standard on Piezoelectric systems

Applications

Crystals in shoes could produce enough power to charge personal electronics.

Applications cont..

Pvdf actuators when electric field is applied holds devices.

Piezoelectric devices being embedded in dance floors to generate energy for lights

42nd AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference (SDM), Gossamer Spacecraft Forum , 2001

Applications cont..
Flexible sensor for the measurement of vibrations and deformations at buildings, vehicles and machinery as well as in safety systems.

P. Mirow, Mirow Systemtechnik GmbH, High Resolution Piezo Film Sensor Systems for Automotive Applications pp: 249-259, Springer.

Summery Of Literature Review

Sr.No Search Engine Keywords
Ceramic-polymer Composite,
Nanocomposite, Hybrid

No. Papers

American Chemical Society

67

2 3 4

Royal Society of Chemistry Nanocomposite, Perovskite, Pvdf,

Pvdf-Copolymer, Dielectric

37 65 110

IEEE Elsevier

Constant, Dielectric Loss, Ferroelectric, Piezoelectric, Polarization, Three-phase Composites, MWNT, Graphene,

5
6

Weily Online Library

Taylor & Francis

Metal Oxide, Poling, Thin Films, Modeling, MEMS, Actuators, Sensors.

5
22

Summery Of Literature Review cont..

Sr.No Search Engine Keywords No. Papers

7
8

Springer
Nature

9
10 11 12 13

IOP
arXIV Cambridge SPIE US PATENTS

Ceramic-polymer Composite, Nanocomposite, Hybrid Nanocomposite, Perovskite, Pvdf, Pvdf-Copolymer, Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Loss, Ferroelectric, Piezoelectric, Polarization, Three-phase Composites, MWNT, Graphene, Metal Oxide, Poling, Thin Films, Modeling, MEMS, Actuators, Sensors.

44
1

42
18 8 23 19

LS

M & ANN

Yearly data of Dielectric constant

Dielectric constant of PVDF Composites
1200

1000@ 103 Hz pvdf/graphene

1000

800

Ag SiO2/BT/PVDF

600

Dielectric constant

400

200

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Yearly data of piezoelectric constant

Piezoelectric constant of polymer composite/blends

50

Cellular Ppy
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2003 2005 2007 2009 2010 2011

PVDF-HFP/PZT
Piezoelectric Strain Constant

Year wise Publications

No. of Publications of piezoelectric & dielectric polymers

450
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Till July No. of Publications

Source: Data collected from different search engines

Market study for EAP- Actuators/Sensors

Ref: WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 10, No.1, June 2008,issue. 19

Objective
Piezoelectric materials have a wide scope of applications such as actuators, sensors and energy harvesting devices. For further development of the products for defense application, piezoelectric based composites must be developed which have superior properties than existing materials.
To synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles and to fabricate polymer nanocomposites. Modelling of piezoelectric materials by using FEM and neural networks. Device fabrication of PVDF Actuators.

Work plan

work schdule.pptx

Literature review
Properties of Polyvinylidene Difluoride-Carbon Nanotube Blends
Nicole Levi et.al described the properties of PVDF-CNT blends. This work was developed to examine the piezoelectric and pyroelectric behaviour of PVDF/nanotube blends. Methods: Film casting process. The results exhibit dispersed nanophase is responsible for morphological changes in the polymer crystallinity and remarkably enhanced piezoelectric behavior over the pristine polymer.

Nicole Levi, Richard Czerw, Shuya Xing, Preethi Iyer, and David L. Carroll,Nano Letters, Vol. 4, No. 7, 2004, 1267-1271

Literature review cont..

X-ray diffraction spectra of PVDF-TrFE

X-ray diffraction spectra for PVDF-TrFE/SWNT 0.05 wt %

Nicole Levi, Richard Czerw, Shuya Xing, Preethi Iyer, and David L. Carroll,Nano Letters, Vol. 4, No. 7, 2004, 1267-1271

Literature review cont..

Nicole Levi, Richard Czerw, Shuya Xing, Preethi Iyer, and David L. Carroll,Nano Letters, Vol. 4, No. 7, 2004, 1267-1271

Literature review cont..

Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Polyvinylidene Fluoride

(PVDF)- Pb0.52Zr0.48TiO3 (PZT) Nano Composite Films.

This paper reports structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the PVDF composite films with different amount of nano size powder.

PZT nano powder was fabricated using sol-gel precursor method.

The nano composites composed of nano sized PZT particle and PVDF polymer were prepared by solution casting.

The dielectric constant variation with frequency of PVDF and PVDF-PZT

composite films measured at Room temperature.

M. B. Suresh, Tsung-Her Yeh, Chih-Chieh Yu,Chou, Ferroelectrics, 381:8086, 2009.

Literature review cont..

SEM images of pure polymer composite film dried at 100C for 22 min and annealed at 80C for 1 hr.

M. B. Suresh, Tsung-Her Yeh, Chih-Chieh Yu,Chou, Ferroelectrics, 381:8086, 2009.

Literature review cont..

BaTiO3-carbon nanotube/polyvinylidene fluoride three-phase composites with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss.
Sheng-Hong Yao et al. proposed a different strategy to improve the dielectric constant of the polymer matrix. Carbon nanotube fMWNT=0.01 embedded in the polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF is used as the dielectric matrix of composites. They observed when BaTiO3 volume fraction of 0.15 added to the composites enhanced the dielectric constant (151) and reduced the dielectric loss (0.08).

S. H. Yao et al.,APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93, 182905, 2008

Literature review cont..

Dependences of (a) eff and (b) dielectric loss of the BaTiO3-MWNT/PVDF three-phase composites on frequency at room temperature. The inset presents the dielectric constant vs frequency log-log plots, and the solid line is a linear fit for experiment data. S. H. Yao et al.,APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93, 182905, 2008

Literature review cont..

Permittivity, Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Stability of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Graphene Nanocomposites. In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene composites were fabricated using thermally reduced GSs by solution blending. GO sheets (GOs) were prepared from natural graphite powder by a modified Hummers method. GO sheets obtained were heated to 600 C in a tube furnace with heating rate of 5 C/min at a nitrogen atmosphere and held in the furnace for 2 h, turning GO into GSs. Electrical and thermal behaviors of the composites at various wt% were investigated.

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011

Literature review cont..

TEM micrograph of the PVDF/GS 7.5%

Dielectric constant

Frequency

The incorporation of graphene sheets (GSs) increased the permittivity of PVDF, resulting in a transition with a percolation threshold of 4.5 wt%. The composite containing 7.5 % GSs had a permittivity higher than 300 at 1000 Hz, which is about 45 times that of pure PVDF. They reported that higher percolation threshold might be due to the probability of formation of conductive network.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011

Literature review cont..

Hexagonal BaTiO3/Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 composites with giant dielectric constant and high permeability Haibo Yang et al. synthesized hexagonal BaTiO3/Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 (BT/NZO) ceramic composites, by solidestate reaction method to obtain gaint dielectric constant. NiO , ZnO and Fe2O3 were weighed, mixed and calcined at 1000o C in air for 2 h to prepare Ni0.8Zn0.2- Fe2O4 (NZO). Commercial BaTiO3 powders were prepared by hydrothermal process with an average powder size of 100 nm. The mixtures of BT and NZO powders were pressed into disks and rings with 5 wt% PVA. All samples were sintered at 1300 oC in air for 2 h.

H. Yang et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 134 (2012) 777-782

Literature review cont..

Frequency dependence of complex constant of the BT/NZO composites with different NZO concentrations.

dielectric

Temp. dependence of dielectric loss of the BT/NZO composites at diff frequencies: (a) 40%BT/60%NZO, (b) 20%BT/80%NZO.

H. Yang et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 134 (2012) 777-782

Literature review cont..

Temperature dependence

dielectric constant of the BT/NZO composites with different NZO concentrations: (a)

40%BT/60%NZO, (b) 30%BT/70%NZO, (c) 20%BT/80% NZO and (d) 10%BT/90%NZO.

H. Yang et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 134 (2012) 777-782

Literature review cont..

Analysis of the electrical properties of PZT by a BP artificial neural network. Kai Cai et al. developed a A three-layer BP ANN is used here in investigating the piezoelectric performance of PZT ceramics based on the homogeneous experimental results.

BP network for the PZT doped system model

K. Cai et al. / Computational Materials Science 34 (2005) 166172

Literature review cont..

Correlation between calculated and observed d33 for formulations not included in the original test set.

Correlation between calculated and observed Kp for formulations not included in the original test set

K. Cai et al. / Computational Materials Science 34 (2005) 166172

Literature review cont..

A finite element model for bending behaviour of conducting polymer

electromechanical actuators
P. Metz et al. developed a model for Ppy Actuators to predict the bending angle and bending moment outputs as a function of the actuator thickness.

The software ANSYS is used to solve the coupled structural/thermal model

in order to obtain the outputs the actuator.

P. Metz et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 130131 (2006) 111

Literature review cont..

P. Metz et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 130131 (2006) 111

Literature review cont..

P. Metz et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 130131 (2006) 111

Literature review cont..

Experimentaland theoretical readings of the horizontal and vertical displacements of the actuator to calculate the bending angle.

P. Metz et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 130131 (2006) 111

SUMMARY
From the literature review, Special morphology nano filler perovskites (modified BaTiO3), modified graphene and doped metaloxides gives high dielectric and piezoelectric constant. Addition of high dielectric constant nano filler materials to the polymers enhance the properties such as dielectric constant and piezoelectric constant. Finite element modelling of actuators is presented to measure the bending angle and displacements. Fabrication of actuators is summerized.

References
[1]. P. C. Chen et al., CrystEngComm, 2012, 14, 199093. [2]. M. N. Almadhoun et al. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 1119611200. [3]. Yu Song et al. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 80638068. [4]. G. Wang et al. Applied materials & interfaces,2, 5,12901293, 2010. [5]. Paula Ferreira et al. Langmuir 2012, 28, 29442949.