Hardware and Software Systems and Networks 2

CT024-3-2

Circuit Switching and Telephone Network

Level-2

Prepared by: Kamalanathan, TPM First Prepared on: 23-6-07 Last Modified on: Quality checked by: xxx Copyright 2007 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology

Topic & Structure of the lesson

Circuit Switching Telephone Networks

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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session you should be able to: Understand how connect multiple devices to make one-to-one communication between each pair of devices.

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Key Terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms correctly in your assignments and exams:Digital data service (DDS) Digital service Digital service unit (DSU) End office Incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) Interexchange carrier (IXC) Local access and transport area (LATA) Local call service Local exchange carrier (LEC) Local loop Long-distance company 800 service 900 service Analog leased service Analog switched service Blocking Circuit switching Common carrier Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) Crossbar switch Crosspoint

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Key Terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms correctly in your assignments and exams:Multistage switch Point of presence (POP) Rotary dialing Space-division switching Switch Switched/56 service Switching office TDM bus Time-division switching Time-slot interchange (TSI) Toll call service Touch-tone dialing Trunk Wide-are telephone service (WATS)
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Circuit Switching
Space-Division Switch Time-Division Switch TDM Bus Combinations
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Circuit Switching
Circuit Switching creates a direct physical connection between two devices such as phones or computers. Figure in next slide, instead of point-topoint connections between the three telephones on the left (A,B, and C) to the four telephones on the right (D,E,F and G), requiring 12 links. Use four switches to reduce the number and the total length of the links.
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Circuit-switched network

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A circuit switch
A circuit switch is a device with n inputs and m outputs that creates a temporary connection between an input link and an output link. The number of input does not have to match the number of outputs.

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A folded switch
An n -by-n folded switch can connect n lines in full-duplex mode.

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Space-Division Switch
Circuit switching today can use either of two technologies:
The space-division switching The time-division switch.

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In space-division switching,the paths in the circuit are separated from each other spatially. This technology was originally designed for use in analog networks but is used currently in both analog and digital networks.
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Crossbar switch
A crossbar switch connects n input to m output in a grid, using electronic microswitches (transistors) at each crosspoint. The major limitation of this design is the number of crosspoints required. Connecting n input to m outputs using a crossbar switch required n x m crosspoints.
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Crossbar switch

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Multistage switch
The solution to the limitations of the crossbar switch is the multistage switch, which combines crossbar switches in several stages. In multistage switching, devices are linked to switches that, in turn, are linked to other switches. (Figure - next slide) The design of a multistage switch depends on the number of stages and the number of switches required in each stage. Normally, the middle stages have fewer switches than do the first and last stages.
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Multistage switch

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Multistage switch
Multistage switch provide several options for connecting each pair of linked devices. Figure - next slide, shows two ways traffic can move from an input to an output using the switch designed. Figure a uses the lower intermediate switch and that switchs center output line to reach the last-stage switch connected to line 9. Figure b shows a pathway between the same input line 4 and the same output line 9 using the upper intermediate switch.
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Switching path

Show two ways traffic can move from an input to an output using the switch designed.

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Multistage switch
Three first-stage switches, each with 10 crosspoints (5 x 2), for a total of 30 crosspoints at the first stage. Two second-stage switches, each with 9 crosspoints (3 x 3), for a total of 18 crosspoints at the second stage. Three third-stage switches, each with 10 crosspoints (5 x 2), for a total of 30 crosspoints at the last stage.
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Single-stage vs Multistage switch

In a 15-by-15 single-stage crossbar switch, we need 225 crosspoints (15 x 15). In the multistage switch, we need 78 crosspoints only. It required only 35 percent as many crosspoints as the singlestage switch.

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Blocking
The reduction in the number of crosspoints results in a exists called blocking during periods of heavy traffic. Blocking refers to times when one input cannot be connected to an output because there is no path available between them all the possible intermediate switches are occupied. In a single-stage switch, blocking does not occur. Because every combination of input and output has its own crosspoint, there is always a path.
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Blocking
In the multistage switch only two of the first five inputs can use the switch at a time. The small number of outputs at the middle stage further increases the restriction on the number of available links.

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Time-Division Switch
Time-Division switching uses two popular methods
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) Time-slot interchange (TSI)
TDM Bus

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Time-Division multiplexing
Figure - next slide, shows a system connecting four input lines to four output lines. Imagine that each input line wants to send data to an output line according to the following pattern: 13 24 31 42

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Time-slot interchange (TSI)

Figure a shows the results of ordinary time-division multiplexing. Data are output in the same order as they are input Figure b insert a device called a timeslot interchange (TSI) into the link. A TSI change the ordering of the slots based on the desired connections. It changes the order of data from A,B,C,D to C,D,A,B.
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Time-division multiplexing, without and with a time-slot interchange

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Time-slot interchange
Figure - next slide, shown A TSI consists of random access memory (RAM) with several memory locations. The RAM fills up with incoming data from time slots in the order received. Slots are then sent out in an order based on the decisions of a control unit.

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Time-slot interchange

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TDM bus
Figure - next slide, shows a very simplified version of a TDM bus. The input and output lines are connected to a high-speed bus through input and output gates (microswitches). Each input gates is closed during one of the four time slots. During the same time slot, only one output gate is also closed.
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TDM bus
This pair of gates allows a bust of data to be transferred from one specific input line to one specific output line using the bus. The control unit opens and closes the gates according to switching need. It can be made with duplex lines (input and output) and dual gates.

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TDM bus

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Space- and Time-Division Switch combinations

The advantages of space-division switching is that it is instantaneous. Its disadvantages is the number of crosspoints required to make space-division switching acceptable in term of blocking. The advantage of time-division switching is that it needs no crosspoints. Its disadvantage, in the case of TSI, is that processing each connection creates delays. Each time slot must be store by the RAM, then retrieved and passed on.
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Space- and Time-Division Switch combinations Combine space-division and time-division technology to take advantage of the best of both. Combination the two results in switches that are optimized both physically (the number of crosspoints) and temporally (the amount of delay).

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Space- and Time-Division Switch combinations

Figure - next slide, shows a simple TST switch that consists of two time stages and one space stage and has 12 input and 12 outputs. Instead of one time-division switch, it divides the inputs into three groups (of four inputs each) and directs them to three time-slot interchanges. The result using one time-slot interchange to handle all 12 inputs. The last stage is a mirror image of the first stage. The middle stage is a space division switch (crossbar) that connects the TSI groups.
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TST switch

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Telephone Network

Major Components LATAs Making a Connection Analog Services Digital Services A Brief History
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Telephone Network
Figure - next slide, is made of three major components:
Local loops Trunks Switching offices

The telephone network has several level of switching offices such

End offices Tandem offices Regional office

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A telephone system

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Local Loops
A twisted-pair cable that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or central office. When used for voice, has a bandwidth of 4000Hz (4KHz)

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Trunk
Trunks are transmission media that handle the communication between offices. A trunk normally handles hundreds of thousands of connections through multiplexing. Transmission is usually through optical fibers or satellite links.

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Switching office
To avoid having a permanent physical link between any two subscribers, the telephone company has switches located in switching office. A switch connects several local loops or trunks and allows a connection between different subscribers.

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Local access transport areas (LATAs)

A LATA can be a small or large metropolitan area. A small state may have one single LATA; a large state may have several LATAs. A LATA boundary may overlap the boundary of a state. Intra-LATA Service Common carriers (telephone companies). The carrier that handle these services is called a local exchange carrier (LEC). The carrier that provided services before 1996 owns the cabling system (local loops) and is called the incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC).

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Intra-LATA Service
The new carriers that can provide services are called competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs). To avoid the costs of new cabling, it was agreed that the ILECs would continue to provide the main services. CLECs would provide other services such as mobile telephone service, toll calls inside a LATA, and so on.
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Note:
Intra-LATA services are provided by local exchange carriers. Since 1996, there are two types of LECs: incumbent local exchange carriers and competitive local exchange carriers.
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Switching offices in a LATA

Communication inside a LATA is handled by end switches and tandem switches.

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Intra-LATA Services
The services between LATAs are handle by interchange carriers (IXCs). These carriers, sometimes called long-distance companies, Provide communication services between two customers in different LATAs. The IXCs are long-distance carriers that provide general data communications services including telephone service.
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Point of Present (POPs)

Inter-LATA services can be provided by several IXCs. Switching office called a point of presence (POP). Each IXC that want to provide inter-LATA services in a LATA must have a POP in the LATA. The LECs that provide services inside the LATA must provide connections so that every subscriber can have access to all POPs. A subscriber who needs to make a connection with another subscriber is connected first to an end switch an then, either directly or through a tandem switch, to a POP.

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POPs

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Making a Connection
In the past, telephones featured rotary or pulse dialing, in which a digital signal was sent to the end office for each number dialed. This type of dialing was prone to errors due to the inconsistency of humans during the dialing process. Today, dialing is accomplished through the touch-tone technique, call dual tone.
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Making a Connection
Figure - next slide, shows a rotary and a touch-tone dialing system. If a user has a rotary telephone, the number 8 is represented by a digital signal. On the other hand, if a user has a touchtone telephone, two bursts of analog signals with frequencies 852 and 1336 Hz are sent to the end office.
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Rotary and touch-tone dialing

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Note:
Voice communication used analog signals in the past, but is now moving to digital signals. On the other hand, dialing started with digital signals (rotary) and is now moving to analog signals (touch-tone).
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Analog Services
Can categorize these services as either analog switched services or analog leased services. Analog switched service is the familiar dial-up service most often encountered when a home telephone is used. The signal on a local loop is analog, and the bandwidth is usually between 0 to 4000 Hz.
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Analog Switched Service

Local Call Services is normally provided for a flat monthly rate, although in some LATAs, the carrier charges for each call or a set of calls. Toll Call Services can be intra-LATA or interLATA. If the LATA is geographically large, a call may go through a tandem office (toll office) and the subscriber will pay a fee for the call. 800 Service If a subscriber needs to provide free connection for other subscribers. An organization uses this service to encourage customers to call. The rate is less expensive then a normal long distance call.
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Analog Switched Service

WATS The wide-area telephone service (WATS) is less expensive alternative to regular toll calls; charges are based on the number of calls. 900 Services This service is used by an organization that needs to charge customers for its services. For example, a software company may need to charge a customer for technical support. Analog Lease Service Sometimes called a dedicated line, that is permanently connected to
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Digital Services
Recently telephone companies began offering digital services to their subscribers. Digital services are less sensitive than analog services to noise and other forms of interference. The two most common digital services are switched/56 and digital data service (DDS)
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Switched/56 Service
Switched/56 service is the digital version of an analog switched line. To communicate through this service, both parties must subscribe. Since switched/56 is already digital, subscribers do not need modems to transmit digital data. However, they do need another device called a digital service unit (DSU). This support video conferencing, fast facsimile, multimedia, and fast data transfer, among other services.

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Digital Data Service (DDS)

Digital data service (DDS) is the digital version of an analog leased line; it is a digital lease line with a maximum data rate of 64 Kpbs.

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Quick Review Questions

Refer to tutorial question.

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Summary of Circuit Switching and Telephone Network

Switching is a method in which communication devices are connected to one another efficiently. A switch is intermediary hardware or software that links devices together temporarily. There are three fundamental switching methods: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. In circuit switching, a direct physical connection between two devices is created by spacedivision switches, time-division switches, or both. In a space-division switch, the path from one device to another is spatially separate from other paths.
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Summary of Circuit Switching and Telephone Network

A crossbar is the most common space-division switch. It connects n inputs to m output via n x m crosspoints. Multistage switches can reduce the number of crosspoints needed, but blocking may result. Blocking occurs when not every input has its own unique path to every output. In a time-division switch, the inputs are divided in time, using TDM. A control unit sends the input to the correct output device. The time-slot interchange and the TDM bus are two types of time-division switches.
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Summary of Circuit Switching and Telephone Network

Space-and time-division switches may be combined. A telephone network is an example of a circuitswitched network. A telephone system has three major components: local loops, trunks, and switching offices. The United States is divided into more than 200 local access and transport areas (LATAs). Intra-LATA services are provided by incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) and competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs). Inter-LATA services are handled by interexchange carriers (IXCs).
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Summary of Circuit Switching and Telephone Network

Telephone companies provide analog switched services such as local calls toll calls, 800/888 services, WATS, and 900 services. Telephone companies provide digital services such as switched/56 services and digital data services. The AT&T monopoly was broken in 1984 through a government suit.
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Question and Answer Session

Q&A
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Next Session
DSL Cable Modem and SONET

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