INTENSIVE SEMINAR ON PLASTICS

GARY CASTERLINE

DELPHI PACKARD ELECTRIC SYSTEMS

MATERIALS ENGINEERING

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Table of Contents
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4 5 6 8 10 11 13 15 16 17 18 21 23 24 27 33 34 38 41

Description
Brief History of Plastics Plastic Material Usage Plastic Molecules Thermoset Plastics Thermoset Molding Amorphous Thermoplastic Materials Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials Liquid Crystal Polymers Plastic Modification Thermal Properties of Plastics Melt and Glass Transition Temperatures Temperature Effects on Plastics Temperature Rating Chemical Resistance of Plastics Mechanical Properties of Plastics Rules for Determining Plastic Strain Limits Hinge Designs Snap Fit Design Creep Properties of Plastics

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Table of Contents
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45 46 48 49 53 61 66 67 70 73

Description
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion Nylon versus Polyester Notch Sensitivity of Plastics Material Shrinkage Warpage Plastic Flow Properties Gate Location Extrusion and Equipment Profile Extrusion Wire Coating

78
84 90

Injection Molding
Other Processes Trade Names, Suppliers, Symbols and Chemical Names

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HISTORY OF PLASTICS
General 1927 - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) developed 1930 - First Plunger Injection Molding Machine 1932 - First Extruder developed 1938 - Polyamide (Nylon 6/6) developed 1941 - Polyethylene developed 1950 - Polyester developed 1953 - First Reciprocating Screw Molding Machine 1957 - Polypropylene and Polycarbonate developed Packards History 1942 - Started making wire with a PVC insulation, but still covered with a cotton braid and lacquer for aircraft 1948 - Started mixing PVC dry blend and switched to PVC insulation for automotive use, but still had cotton braid 1948 - Started molding cellulosics in sleeves to cover terminal 1953 - Eliminated braid and used all plastic (PVC) insulation 1955 - Started first molding department 1961 - Retrofit plunger machines with screws 1964 - First reciprocating screw machine installed
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Plastic Material Usage

Material Sourced Through Delphi Packards Rootstown Compounding Plant

PA6 - 5 million pounds PA66 (filled and unfilled) - 35 million pounds PBT Polyester (filled and unfilled) 8.5 million pounds Material Molded By Delphi Packard
PA6 - 3.3 million pounds PA66 (filled and unfilled) - 21 million pounds PBT Polyester (filled and unfilled) - 6 million pounds PP and miscellaneous materials - 5.4 million

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Molecular Chains
H C H H C H n n=number of repeating units in the chain Polyethylene unit

A polymer has many repeating units in the length of a chain. The chains can be as short as a few hundred repeating units or as long as a hundred thousand units. The chains can resemble a string of beads or in many cases there is branching where arms come off the main chain. If polymers are modified by reaction with other polymers (copolymer), the chain will be made up of different types of beads strung together at regular intervals.

Straight Chain

Branching
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Copolymer

PLASTIC MOLECULES

Most plastics are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are derived from distilling gas and oil. Chlorine, fluorine, and nitrogen are often found in plastics too. The monomers shown on the left are polymerized to become the polymers on the right, which are thousands of repeating units long.
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Thermoset Plastics
The molecular chains are locked together (cross-linked) with unbreakable bonds. This material will not remelt after the reaction has taken place.

Characteristics Resistance to melting at elevated temperatures Sprues, runners and scrap are generally unusable Parts often need to go through a deflashing operation
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Thermoset Plastics
Common types Epoxy Phenolic Polyurethane (thermoset) XLPE DAP Melamine Unsaturated Polyester Common Applications High voltage insulators and switches Integrated circuit encapsulation Ash trays Recreational watercraft Bumper fascias and grill opening panels

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THERMOSET MOLDING
RAM

TRANSFER POT

CULL SPRUE

CAVITY

MOLDED PART

KNOCKOUT PIN

TRANSFER MOLDING
A thermosetting plastic or rubber is placed in the transfer pot shown on the upper mold half. The ram forces the material to flow into the heated mold cavities. The parts are cured and then ejected with the sprue and cull from the mold. The sprue and cull are usually scrapped.
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Amorphous Plastics
Molecular chains are like a bowl of spaghetti in a part- entanglement and van der Waals forces hold the chains together

Characteristics Transparent Low mold shrinkage Susceptible to some degree of chemical attack Viscous or hard flowing into mold
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Amorphous Plastics

Common Types ABS Polystyrene (PS) Polycarbonate (PC) Acrylic (PMMA) Polyetherimide (PEI) Polyethersulfone (PES) Common Applications Telephones Appliances Most transparent shields, covers and windows Automotive interior trim

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Crystalline Plastics
Molecular chains form a regular structure upon solidifying in a part

Fo ld e d

Ch a in s

Characteristics Opaque or translucent High mold shrinkage Resistant to most chemical attack Easy flowing into mold
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Crystalline Plastics

Common types Nylon (Polyamide or PA) Polyester (PBT, PET and PCT) Polypropylene (PP) Acetal (POM) (PE) Polyphthalamide (PPA) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
Polyethylene

Common Applications Fuel tanks Milk jugs and other fluid containers Gears Trash and other storage bags Down hole drilling Engine components
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LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS

Molecular chains are rod shaped in both the melt and solid plastic form. Characteristics Very strong and stiff in flow direction Extremely poor knitline strength Opaque Chemically resistant Low mold shrinkage Very high flow Fast molding cycles

Solid

Melt

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PLASTIC MODIFICATION

Rubber for impact/toughness Fillers to stiffen/strengthen or reduce shrinkage Pigments for color Blowing agents to reduce density or remove sink marks Lubricants for mold release Stainless steel fibers or graphite for conductivity Ultraviolet stabilizers for weatherability Flame retardants to reduce flammability of materials Long term heat age stabilizers to make materials last longer

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THERMAL PROPERTIES

Melting Point (Tm) -

The temperature in a crystalline material where the plastic goes from a solid to a fluid.

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) - The point where amorphous

materials can no longer bear loads or where crystalline materials become significantly more flexible.

Continuous Use Temperature The point where a material can withstand 3000 hours of exposure without significant load and still have useful properties.

Peak Usage Temperature -

The point where a material can withstand short term heat without significantly degrading or deforming.

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Melting/Softening Points
MATERIAL TYPE ABS - General Purpose Acetal - Homopolyer (POM) Acrylic (PMMA) Nylon 6 (PA6) Nylon 46 (PA46) Nylon 66 (PA66) Polycarbonate (PC) PBT Polyester PET Polyester Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polyetherimide (PEI) Polyethersulfone (PES) Polyethylene Low Density High Density Polymethylpentene (PMP) Polyphenylene ether (PPE) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyvinylchloride (PVC) CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS A C A C C C A C C/A C A A C C C A C C A A GLASS TRANSITION ( C) 110 -13 100 75 57-90 150 65 73-85 215 220 -25 -25 29 105 88 -20 95-105 85-105 MELT POINT ( C) NONE 175 NONE 215 285 260 NONE 225 265 334 NONE NONE 105 135 230 NONE 285 165 NONE NONE

The table shows typical plastics and whether they are amorphous or crystalline. Note that the amorphous materials only have a glass transition temperature while the crystalline materials exhibit both characteristics. The materials with glass transitions below room temperature exhibit excellent toughness at room temperature.
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Melting/Softening Points
Heating and Cooling Rates

Modifier Melt Point

Impact Modified Polypropylene

Melt point

DSC Curve A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) heats up a sample at a prescribed rate and monitors the heat put into raising the temperature versus the amount of heat the sample is absorbing or giving off.
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Melting/Softening Points
DMA Curve
E las tic M odulus (E ') vs . T e mpe r atur e
1 e+ 0 6

Tg
100000

M o d u l u s p s i

10000

1000

Tm
V A LO X 325

100 -1 0 0 -5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

S o u rce: GE S el ect b y G E P l ast i cs.

P ri n t ed : Ju l y 0 7 , 1 9 9 7 .

Dat a L ast Up d at ed : Ap ri l 0 3 , 1 9 9 5 .

T e mpe r atur e F

The DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) curve is another way of looking at the thermal properties of a material. A small coupon of plastic is placed in a fixture and flexed at a specific frequency as the temperature is increased. As the plastic heats up, the input frequency is compared to the response of the plastic and the curve is generated. The stiffness or modulus of the material changes as the glass transition temperature (Tg) is reached and the modulus continues to decline until the melt point (Tm) is approached.
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Modulus vs. Temperature

As temperature increases, plastics stretch farther and easier. This same affect happens at constant temperature if the rate a stress is applied is reduced. Higher temperatures and slower rates of strain allow the molecular chains to realign themselves and slide past each other allowing more stretching to take place.
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Thermal Trends

Plastic materials vary in their toughness as shown above. Temperature reductions usually cause plastics to be more brittle. Some materials have excellent toughness through a wide range in temperatures. Sharp corners or notches as shown above can cause a significant difference in the toughness of plastics.
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TEMPERATURE RATING
Arrhe nius Plot o f Time to Fai lure vs. Temperature Based on 80% Retention of Tensi le Strength for Thermoset Unsaturated Polyester

1000

Time to Failure (ho urs)

100

10

253

240

227

215

203

192

182

170

162

Temperature (1/T in C)

A material is tested to failure and the time to failure is plotted on a semi-log graph. Usually failure is defined as 80 or 90% retention of original tensile strength for brittle nature materials or 50% retention of original elongation at break for ductile materials.
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CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

CHEMICALS
ACIDS AND BASES Acid-Weak Acid-Strong Acid(organic)-Weak Acid(organic)-Strong Bases-Weak Bases-Strong SOLVENT Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydroxy Esters Ethers Ketones Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Alcohols Aldehydes Amines AUTOMOTIVE FLUIDS Fuel Oil MISCELLANEOUS Detergents Inorganic salt Oxidizing AgentWeak Oxidizing AgentStrong WATER Ambient Hot Steam A C A C C B C B C A A A A A A A A A A B C B C C A C A C A C C C C A A B A B B A A B A C A C A A A A A A A A A A A A B A B B A B A B A A C C C B C C C C C
Dilute Mineral Acids Conc. Mineral Acids Vinegar, Acetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid Dilute Sodium Hydrox ide Concentrated Sodium Hydrox ide

C A -

A C A C -

B A A C B B C

C C C C B A A A B B C A A A A A Xylene, Naphtha,
Toluene

C C C C A B C C -

C C C C - C A A A B C A Phenol B B A B B B C A A B B B Dioctyl Phthalate,

Ethyl Acetate Ether

B A A -

C A -

A A A Diethyl Ether, Butyl

Ethyl Ketone

C B B A B B B B A A A A A Acetone, Methyl

A A B A A A A A A A C A A A A A Hex ane, Heptane A A A A A A B A A A A A A A A B Cyclohex anol,

Ethanol

C B C C -

A A A A B B A A A A B A Formaldehyde,
Acetaldehyde Aniline

A B C A B B Triethanolamine,

C A C A A A A A A A C A A A A A Fuel C C C A A A A A A A A A A A A B A A A C A B - - A A - A B B B C C C B A C A A A A A A B Soaps, Laundry B B B Cupric Sulfate, Zinc

Chloride Hydrogen Perox ide Solution

A B B C C C Wet Bromine, 30%

A A C C C A -

A A A A B C A Sodium Hypochloride

A A A C - A C - - -

A A B A A A A A A A C B C B B C C B C A A A C B C C C C C C C A A A C -

A - Minor Effect

B - Some Effect Page

C - Not Recommended One Week Exposure

Room Temperature

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Chemical Property Trends

General - All materials have their strengths and weaknesses as shown in the Chemical Resistance chart. Polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymers and stainless steel have the best overall performance of the materials listed. Amorphous Plastics - As you review the chart, note the number of C ratings appearing in the columns for Polycarbonate, Polysulfone, Polyphenylene ether and ABS. Some of the best amorphous materials for chemical resistance are Polyether imide and Polyether sulfone, but they are still only about as good as the worst crystalline material. Amorphous materials are usually more sensitive to stress cracking. This can be caused by stresses molded into a part due to using a cold mold temperature or low melt temperature. Stress cracking can occur from a load on a part in use or even from a self tapping screw or riveted connection.
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Chemical Property Trends

Hydrolysis - Many plastics are part of a family called condensation polymers. These materials give off water as a result of the polymerization of the ingredients. This relationship with water can cause the properties of the material to change in the presence of moisture. This can particularly be a problem at elevated temperatures as shown in the chart when certain plastics are exposed to hot water or steam. A reaction called hydrolysis takes place where the polymer goes through depolymerization and causes the molecular chain to break up. This process is accelerated by heat, moisture and pressure. Note that carbon steel doesnt do to well in water either, but dont underestimate the chemical problems associated with something as simple as water.
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Mechanical Properties
Anisotropic material properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. Reinforced plastics have high degree of property orientation in reinforcement fiber direction.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

When materials are used in bending (such as lock arms) the outer skin of the material is put in both compressive and tensile stresses. The tensile stress is higher than the compressive stress and plastics are stronger in compression. Most mechanical analysis of plastics uses tensile properties of the material.
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Mechanical Properties

The above curve shows a typical stressstrain curve for an unfilled material. When rating a plastic for its lock arm design properties, the yield point is typical of the upper strain limit unless there is a significant amount of plastic or permanent deformation prior to reaching the yield point. The proportional limit is the point where all deformation is recoverable as the stress is released.
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Mechanical Properties

As unfilled plastics are stretched, the chains individually tighten until they break. They dont all break at once and the chains are able to slide past each other a little so they will continue to stretch until rupture occurs. Glass fiber filled materials have a rigid structure, because the fibers are usually coupled or glued to the polymer chain making a rigid network. The strength of the network must be overcome before breakage occurs.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

If a force is applied to stretch a plastic bar, there is a proportional, but lesser change in dimensions perpendicular to the direction of pull. This proportion is called Poissons Ratio. Typical ranges are shown below.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The rate of strain or the rate stress is applied to a plastic, affects the apparent strength of a material. Unfilled plastics are usually tested at 50mm/minute and filled materials are usually tested at 5mm/minute.
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Rules for Determining Plastic Strain Limits

Ductile Failure Materials Crystalline Polymers No more than the yield point of the material. Amorphous Polymers 75% of yield point. Exceptions to rule Since some yield points occur after a significant amount of plastic deformation, judgment must be used to modify strain limit to minimize the plastic deformation by staying in the elastic region of the material. Filled Polymers - Brittle Failure Materials 1/2 break elongation

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Hinge Design
Strap Style Hinge
Direction of closure 0.25 mm 0.25 mm typical

Strap style hinge usable for any ductile material except polyolefins (polyethylene and polypropylene). Usually t will be no less than 0.5 mm, but can be as little as 0.25 mm depending on the material and how much plastic needs to flow through the hinge. L will be as short as possible in order to minimize the restriction for material flowing through the hinge, but this is a factor of the ultimate elongation of the chosen plastic. Strap style hinges distribute the stress along the entire length of the strap.
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Hinge Design
Polyolefin Style Hinge
1.5 mm Direction of closure 0.25 mm 0.30-0.50 mm

0.75 mm Radius

Polyolefin style hinges have proven themselves to last for millions of cycles. Polyethylene and polypropylene have the high elongation necessary to work in this kind of hinge, because all of the bending takes place along a single line where the tangent of the 0.75 mm radius meets the flat on the top of the hinge. The material orients on the first flexure and will continue to flex along this line through repetitive usage.
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Hinge Design
Molding Considerations Box Cover Hinge Open

A critical aspect of the above part is the location of the gate(s). The part might be moldable with gates on only one side of the part depending on the amount of material that has to pass through the hinge. If the cover is 10-20% of the volume of the box, gating only on the box side will be sufficient. When choosing a gate location, the flow of the material through the hinge will determine how well it will function. The plastic must flow through the hinge without hesitation or without forming knitlines in the hinge area. Some of this can be overcome by filling the mold faster, but a good gating scheme will reduce sensitivity in the molding process.
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Hinge Design
Molding Considerations The gating options are shown below. Filling from one side One gate in this Box Cover region on the part surface or on the edge Filling from one side Two gates in these locations on the surface or edge

Box

Cover

Filling from two sides Either one of the above locations, but mold must be Box Cover balanced so knitlines are on the cover or in the box Knitline locations
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SNAP FIT DESIGN

Simple Cantilever Beam b h
Strain required

max=

1.5(h)(y)/l2

Force required P = E(b)(h3)(y)/(4(l3)) E = Modulus of Material P = Normal Force

y = Deflection

This simple cantilever beam is typical of most snap fits. It concentrates the stress at the base where it attaches to the main body of the part. A generous radius should be used to reduce the stress concentration at the base. Another area of failure is the corner at the latch itself. Even the smallest radius will reduce the stress concentration.
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SNAP FIT DESIGN

Constant Width/Variable Thickness Beam b h2 h1
Force required P = E(b)(h13)(y)/(4(l3)KA) Strain required

max=

1.5(h1)(y)/(KA(l2))

l
P
2.6 2.2

E = Modulus of Material

Ka

1.8 1.4 1.0 0 0.5 h2/ h1

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1.0

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SNAP FIT DESIGN

Constant Thickness/Variable Width Beam b2

b1

e
h l
P 6.0

Strain required
max=

6(h)(y)/(KB(l2))

Force required P = E(b1)(h3)(y)/(KB(l3))

E = Modulus of Material

KB

5.0

4.0

0.5 b2/b1
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1.0
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CREEP PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS

Creep is a long-term deformation of plastic that happens at stresses below the typical compressive or tensile strength limit of a material. In the above example, the force is kept constant. This causes the shape of the component to continue to stretch over time.
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CREEP PROPERTIES

This type of creep has a constant applied strain. This is more typical snapped together, the plastic will creep to reduce the applied stress from the seal. When a component is bolted down with an applied torque, the force to loosen value will gradually reduce due to the creep of material trapped below the bolt head.
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Apparent Creep Modulus (ACM) Initial Applied Stress Stress

APPARENT CREEP MODULUS

=

Initial Applied Stress

Change in Strain at a Specified Time

ACM @ 1 hour ACM @ 1000 hours

Strain Apparent Creep Modulus will change as temperature changes. When evaluating an application, it is good to look at the glass transition and melt temperatures of a material because the creep rate will dramatically change as these temperatures are approached. Glass fibers will greatly improve the creep resistance of plastics.
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APPARENT CREEP MODULUS

Material Type ABS - High Impact PA6 - D.A.M. PA6 - Wet PA66 - D.A.M. PA66 - Wet PA66 - GF33 - Wet PTFE HDPE PP Homopolymer PP Copolymer PBT PS - High Impact POM - Homopolymer POM - Copolymer PPE PC PMMA PEI PC - GF10 PBT - GF30 PEI - GF30 PPS - GF40
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ACM @1000 Hours (Mpa) 1240 1380 300 1530 440 4200 100 120 330 200 860 1310 1590 1720 2030 2240 2280 3170 3240 6900 8760 12410

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COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

The above table shows typical values for CLTE. This is important when a system is comprised of multiple materials that are rigidly held together. If steel is bonded to polycarbonate, the polycarbonate will want to increase in size 6 times faster than steel when the temperature rises. This would result in breakage of the weaker material or the bond itself.
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NYLON VERSUS POLYESTER

Material Property
Tensile Strength (MPa) Flexural Modulus (MPa) Notched IZOD Impact (J/m) 24 Hour Water Absorption (%)

PBT Polyester
52 2300 53 .08

Dry Nylon 66
82 2800 53 1.2

Wet Nylon 66*

77 1200 112 N/A

* Wet nylon values are at 2.5% moisture content

Polyester properties do not change with moisture content Nylon becomes more break resistant with moisture pickup

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NYLON VERSUS POLYESTER

Dimensional Change vs. Moisture Content Nylon parts will change size as they absorb more moisture

Moisture Content vs. Exposure to 50% RH

Nylon absorbs moisture at different rates based on the amount of water it is exposed to and the wall thickness of the part
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Plastic Notch Sensitivity

A minimum of 0.25 mm radius should be present on the inside of every corner. If there is room, a larger radius should be used that conforms to a Radius to Wall Thickness ratio (R/T) of greater than 0.6.

Plastics are extremely susceptible to breakage in areas where inside sharp corners exist. This is the most common reason plastic parts break. Many times the breakage occurs due to handling not associated with the function of the part. These may include shipping, bowl feeding, in-process transfers, dropping out of the mold or improper assembly. The part will be more robust against these types of failures with the addition of radii.
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MATERIAL SHRINKAGE

The inherent shrinkage of a material is not a significant variable. The shrinkage obtained in a part is affected by: Cooling rate -Melt temperature Mold temperature Cycle time Injection Pressure Part design -Wall thickness Ribs Flow Orientation of fill Material -Amorphous or crystalline Filler type and amount Nucleating agents
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MATERIAL SHRINKAGE
Rate of Crystallization versus Temperature
Rate of Crystallization

Tg

Tm

Temperature

Specific Volume versus Temperature

Specific Volume

Amorphous Crystalline

Tg

Tm

Temperature
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SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Shrinkage increases as wall thickness and mold temperature increase

Shrinkage varies with the flow direction of the material

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SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Shrinkage reduces as filler content increases

Unfilled Grades of PBT Polyester

15 and 30 % Glass Filled Grades of PBT Polyester

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WARPAGE
Warpage results when shrinkage is not uniform. All of the things that affect shrinkage, affect warpage: Processing conditions Tool design Part design Material type and fillers

Use uniform wall thicknesses Core out thick sections as much as possible

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WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Warp Heat Flow Out Of Cooling Part

Typical warpage due to right angle corners

Area of Increased Shrinkage Due to Slower Cooling

Use restrictors to reduce warpage in right angle configurations or unsupported walls or use thinner walls in rounded corners

0.5t

0.5t

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WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Oil Canning Affect
Gate

Constant wall thickness part will warp in this configuration when gated in the center. Part must be tapered from thick to thin. This warpage is due to the high pressure differential between the gate and the end of fill. The higher packing pressure in the middle causes less shrinkage in the middle and more shrinkage on the outside rim. This causes the part to buckle.

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WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Original Design and Resultant Warpage - The heavy section wants to shrink more than the thinner lower section

Design Alternative One - The thicker section is allowed to shrink more since the lower section is not restricting it anymore

Design Alternative Two - Uniform walls on both sides of the center wall create an equivalent shrink on all surfaces Note: The legs would still want to bow in for each of these alternatives
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WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Stabilizing ribs

By making a rib 1/2 - 2/3 the thickness of the main wall, the rib will cool first and stabilize the position of the main wall. This may have only a localized effect and warpage could still occur to a lesser degree between ribs. This rib design is good design practice, because it cuts down on rib read out and sink marks on the opposite side of the main wall.

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WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Gas Assist Molding can reduce warpage significantly.
Conventional Molding

High Pressure Gate

Low Pressure

Gas Assist Molding

Gas Channel

Since pressure has a dramatic affect on shrinkage, the pressure drop from the gate to the end of fill in conventional molding causes shrinkage differences between the extremes. With gas assist molding, the pressure in the gas channel is the same throughout the gas channel. The pressure differential exists only between the end of the gas flow and the farthest material flow from that point.
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WARPAGE TOOLING TIPS

Glass fiber filled materials must be gated to allow as much glass alignment as possible. The fibers minimize shrinkage to a much higher degree in the flow direction.
Fan Gate

Fiber alignment
Tab Gate

With this fanned out array of glass fibers, the shrinkage that is perpendicular to the flow direction is greatest. This causes the part to buckle in either direction.
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WARPAGE TOOLING TIPS

GATE 1.5t t

Use dimples where the part is gated on the surface

WALL

DIMPLE

This is similar to the design tip on reducing oil canning of a surface. The dimple should be as large as possible in diameter, but as little as 10 mm has shown a positive affect on warpage. This feature helps to distribute material with less pressure so there is less differential pressure between the gate location and the end of fill.

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Molecular Flow

Imagine the above picture represents long polymer chains entering the crosssection of a wall thickness on a part. At this point, the chains have no orientation.

As the chains start to flow down the wall, the chains nearest the wall start to drag. This causes the chains to become oriented in the flow direction. This orientation occurs because frictional forces will grab one end of the chain and since both ends are connected, they must flow at the same speed.
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Molecular Flow

As flow continues, more of the chains away from the wall start to straighten out as they drag on the solidifying chains against the wall. The middle section of the part may never have orientation depending on the wall thickness. Thin wall thicknesses may have nearly 100% oriented chains, but thick parts may only have a small skin of orientation. This flow example applies to the flow of glass fibers in a wall.

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Flow Into a Mold Cavity

Empty mold cavity

A heated injection barrel is broken up into 5 volumes of plastic.

1 1

The screw moves forward and volume 1 and part of 2 are injected into the part.

1 1

2 2

As the screw moves forward, each new volume of material is deposited along the wall in this fountain flow manner.

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Flow Into a Mold Cavity

1 1 2 2 3 3

The flow path through the middle of the wall thickness stays open, but starts to restrict as the plastic cools around it.

1 1

2 2

3 3

As the cavity filling is completed, volume 5 is trapped in the middle of the thickness and volumes 1 and 5 are next to each other. A molding defect near the gate is usually a result of a cold slug injected at the beginning of the shot.

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PLASTIC FLOW PROPERTIES

Each material has its own flow characteristics depending on the plastic, filler type, regrind level and the wall thickness it flows into.

Flow Length
Nylon

PBT Polyester

Polycarbonate

Injection Pressure
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GATE LOCATION

Gate so that knit lines will be minimized in areas where part flexing or strength is required.
Gate Location Bad Knit Line Good

Gate into thicker areas of a part to improve filling and reduce porosity in the molded part.
Porosity Gate Location

Bad
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Good
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EXTRUSION

Profile Extrusion - In line dies

form a part that is usually larger in size than the final part. Parts made from this process are window moldings, sheet stock, tubing, body side moldings, house siding and the profiles we use to cover many passenger compartment wiring harnesses.

Extrusion Blow Molding - A

profile extruded tube is picked up by a continuous chain mold where the extrudate is expanded with air to conform to the mold surface. This is the process used to make convoluted conduit.

Wire and Cable Extrusion -

Wire is pulled through a crosshead die that coats by either pressure or tubing to insulate the wire.

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EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT

Pellets drop into the feed throat of the extruder where they are conveyed by the rotation of the screw inside the barrel. The plastic melts by the heat provided by the external heater bands and by the shearing action of screw against the material as it gets compressed in the barrel. The plastic is then pumped through the screens, breaker plate and adapter into the die where it is formed into the final product.
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EXTRUSION LINE

Pay-off - Facilitates unreeling the wire to the crosshead die. Preheater - Some types of materials require preheating to either control the adhesion of the plastic to the core or reduce frozen stresses due to the hot plastic quenching against the relatively cool wire. Vacuum - Used to control the length of the cone developed when insulation or jacketing is tubed on to the core. Cooling Trough - Accelerates the cooling of the wire insulation, but occasionally early section of the trough may be warm to allow for less thermal shock in cooling. Capstan - Tightly controls the rate the wire passes through the die to give a consistent diameter and smooth coating.
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PROFILE DIE TYPES

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PROFILE EXTRUSION TROUBLESHOOTING

Probl ems

Possibl e Causes Non-uniform cool ing Processing temperatures Surging Pul l er/haul -off sl ippage

Sol utions Cross contamination by another resin Check w ater temperature & cool ing l ines in tanks Check processing l ogs Check regrind % and particl e size Change broken bel ts Correct screw geometry Check incoming resin Correct processing w indow Check and change regul arl y Compatibl e w ith base resin Improper internal streaml ining W ater temperature in cool ing tanks Check intersecting w al l s for uniformity Cross contamination by another grade Check screw design, correct screw for grade Check processing l ogs Correct regrind grade Compatibl e w ith resin Excessive processing temperatures Low er vacuum l evel Check cal cul ations, resin suppl ier, tool ing mfg. Proper al ignment of dow nstream equipment

Dimensional Variation Contamination

Vacuum l evel fl uctuation Check operation of vacuum pump

Gel s

M el t homogeneity M aterial qual ity Processing temperatures Dirty Screens Additives

W arpage

Tool ing design Rapid cool ing Part design

Del amination

Contamination M el t homogeneity Processing temperatures Regrind Additives

Sticking in sizer

Processing temperatures Vacuum l evel too high Excessive draw dow n Setup

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PROFILE EXTRUSION TROUBLESHOOTING

Probl ems Poor impact Possibl e Causes Drying Contamination M el t homogeneity Rapid cool ing M aterial qual ity Processing temperatures Regrind Additives Dimpl es/Craters Drying Contamination W ater marks Vol atil es M aterial qual ity Additives Vacuum vent Die l ines Contamination Tool ing M aterial qual ity Processing temperatures Regrind Screens Additives Pits/grit Contamination M aterial qual ity Processing temperatures Regrind Screw efficiency Dirty screens Sol utions Check set point, beds, residence time Check for dirt, regrind bl end Check processing w indow , screw rpms W ater temperature of cool ing tanks Correct resin grade Check recommended temperatures Correct % and grade Check for compatibil ity Check set point, beds, residence time Check for cross contamination W ater circul ation in the cool ing tanks Proper operation of vacuum vent QC incoming resin Compatibl e w ith base resin Open, cl ean and proper operation of vacuum pump Cl ean tool ing thoroughl y Check for proper assembl y QC incoming resin Correct processing w indow Correct Regrind Change if dirty Compatibl e w ith base resin Check for dirt, cross resin contamination QC incoming resin Proper processing w indow for sel ected resin Correct grade, % usage Check screw geometry and w ear Change if dirty

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WIRE COATING PRESSURE DIE

1. Plastic flows into the die body (A) 2. The material flows around the guider tip (B) and the core tube (G). 3. While the wire (F) is being pulled through the guider tip (B), the plastic is forced around the wire before it exits the die (C). 4. The coated wire then goes into the cooling trough and the downstream
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WIRE COATING TUBING DIE

1. Plastic (H) flows into the die body (A). 2. The material flows around the guider (B) and the core tube (G). 3. The guider (B) extends to the face of the die (C) which results in a tube being extruded out of the die. 4. A vacuum (L) is drawn through the guider (B) which sucks the tube down around the wire (N) as it is pulled through the die. 5. The coated wire then goes into the cooling trough and the downstream equipment.
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TROUBLESHOOTING FOR WIRE COATING

Problem High Extruder Pressure Cause Temperature too low for resin being extruded Dirty screenpack Die adjustment Die design Cold spot on extruder. Remedy Run at temperature recommended for specific resin Clean and replace screenpacks periodically Gum space too smallre-adjust Die lands too long for desired rate. Re-design die for minimum pressure drop Do not start extruder until it has been "soaked" at operating temperature long enough to melt all the polymer in the barrel. This usually takes 30 minutes to one hour after temperature is reached. For high temperature extrusion, "soak" at lower temperature to minimize resin degradation. Check for burned out heaters or defective controllers. Repair or replace as needed Eliminate all low velocity or dead areas from polymer path in design of die and crosshead. Degradation is time-temperature dependent for all thermoplastics. Lower temperature, increase extrusion rate, or decrease length of melt travel. Check feed and feed systems for dirt. Check for hold up. Check barrel temperature Controls. Hold up or dead spots in extruder or cross head. Serious temperature over-ride in barrel temperature controller. Extruder head not cleaned. Bridging (resin build-up on screw usually near the rear section of the screw cutting off the resin flow) Bridging due to burned out heating element. Air bubbles in hot water quench causing small craters or depressions in the coating. Clean extruder.

Polymer Degradation (abundance of gelled particles off-colored material, etc.)

Poor streamlining in crosshead die High temperature and/or long hold-up time.

Contaminants in Insulation

Resin feed dirty Dirt in hopper or resin feed system.

Loss of Output

Reduce rear zone temperature. Use hopper throat cooling. Cool rear 3-5 flights of screw. Check temperature of heating zones and replace burned out heaters. Use de-aerated water. Wipe wire in water trough. Decrease water temperature. Oven dry resin. Use hopper dryer. Use hopper cover. Store resin in dry location.

Surface Defects

Moisture in black polyethylene (usually accompanied by excessive die build up)

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TROUBLESHOOTING FOR WIRE COATING

Problem Internal Voids Cause Vaporizable contaminants on the conductor such as water or oil. Moisture in resin Remedy Clean conductor before coating with solvent & wipe. Preheat conductor to drive off volatile contaminants. Oven dry the resin Use hopper dryer. Reduce extrusion temperatures. Slower cooling ratelonger air gap, hot water quench. Reduce preheat.

Uneven cooling causing voids. For example, surface freezing while melt close to the core remains well above softening temperature of the resin. Air entrapment in the melt. Roughness Excessive Shear in the die Extrusion pressure too high

Reduce extrusion rate. Use humpback temperature profile. Improve die design to reduce shearshort land, polished surface, reduce final taper length, streamlining Increase melt temperature.

Melt temperature too low Gum space too small. Excessive draw rate and/or draw-down Die build-up

Increase gum space Use pressure die with draw-down of 1.0 or slightly greater. Use tubing die with less than 2:1 draw-down ratio. Use flame on die face Dry resin Reduce wire vibration that occurs in wire line. Improve screw design per suggested dimensions. Use smaller extruder Use screw cooling Use heavier screenpack assembly Increase temperatures. Dry resin.

Wire vibration Poor quality melt resulting from insufficient working in the extruder.

Dull Surface

Melt temperature too low. Cross head and/or die temperature too low. Moisture in resin. Orientation too great.

Cutback, Shrinkage Too High Varying gloss

Decrease draw-down ratio. Decrease quench rate. Adjust cable entry into cooling water.

Lumps in Coating

Entry into cooling water nonuniform. Cable not completely immersed in cooling water. Unmelted resin in die Die build-up breaking loose

Increase extrusion temperature. Use finer mesh screenpack assembly. Same remedy as suggested for moisture problems.

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TROUBLESHOOTING FOR WIRE COATING

Problem Poor Adhesion Cause Wire stretch Dirty conductor Remedy Reduce frictional drag applied to the wire at various points along the line. Clean wire with solvent wipe. Clean wire with preheat. Preheat Use high vacuum. Replace or re-machine die. Reduce melt temperature. Reduce length of air gap. Reduce wire preheat. Decrease extrusion rate. Increase temperature of middle zone of extruder to assure melting before resin reaches metering zone. Use screw design for high output. Increase back pressure via additional screens in pack. Use streamline die and crosshead. Decrease extrusion rate. Run at proper draw-down ratio. Increase number of wraps around capstan drums or pressure between tractor treads. Overhaul unit.

Radial Diameter Variation

Cold conductor Poor conformation to core. Die out or round. Construction sagging before freezing.

Longitudinal Diameter Variations

Extruder surging

Surging in Die (Melt instability)

Low Elongation Inadequate Tensiles

Uneven conductor speed due to capstan or tractor slippage. Uneven conductor speed due to faulty drive on capstan or tractor. Low preheat temperature. Rapid quench

Increase preheat temperature. Increase air gap, and/or quench water temperature. Increase preheat.

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Injection Molding

An injection molding machine is comprised of an injection unit, a mold and clamping section and various support equipment. A simplified molding process involves: Feed the material into the hopper and let it drop into the feed throat of the injection unit. Rotate the screw inside the heated barrel of the injection unit to melt and feed the material in front of the screw. Move the screw forward to ram the melted material into the closed mold cavity. Cool the material in the mold. Open the mold and eject the part from the tool. Repeat process.
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Process Conditions
BARREL HEATS - Initiates melting of the material in the injection unit and acts as an insulating blanket to keep the internally generated heat in the material. MOLD TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER To best control the molding process, the mold needs to maintain a consistent temperature. This involves circulating oil or water through the mold to heat in some cases and cool in others. DRYING CONDITIONS - Nylons, polyesters and many other materials must be dried before molding. Heated, dry air is forced through the material which carries the released moisture back to the dryer to be absorbed by an internal desiccant bed.

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Process Conditions
INJECTION PROFILE - On closed loop injection control machines, this is used to force the machine to inject the material into the mold at the same rate consistently. VELOCITY PRESSURE - Pressure used to achieve the desired injection profile. PACK and HOLD PRESSURE Pressure used to complete fill and pack out the part. This pressure has the most control over final part size. BACK PRESSURE - This pressure is exerted against the rear of the screw to prevent it from pumping material forward too fast. This allows the material to become more dense (eliminate air in the material) and improve mixing of concentrates.

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Process Conditions
CUT OFF or TRANSITION POSITION - This controls when the velocity profile switches into pack and hold. CUSHION - The cushion is the distance the screw rests from full forward when packing is complete. The cushion should be 0.25 - 0.50 inches (5-15 mm). PACK and HOLD TIME - This time should be left on until after the gate is frozen. It will then be safe to refill the screw without adversely affecting part quality. COOLING TIME - This time establishes how long the part must stay in the mold after injection to make sure it is hard enough to be able to eject it from the tool without deformation. SCREW SPEED - This controls the RPMs of the screw which feeds material into the front of the screw so it is ready to be injected. This should return to the feed position just before the mold opens.
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Molding Cycle Graph

Hydraulic Pressure A B C Peak Pressure Switch Point

Hold Pressure

Time (Seconds)
Viscosity of A > B > C Graph shows a molding machine running with closed loop injection control based on time. Three different viscosity materials are shown achieving the same mold cavity pressure by increasing or decreasing hydraulic pressure to compensate for the flow difference. When the injection time is the same, the cycle time and shrink will be more consistent.
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Molding Troubleshooting

Only if material is moisture sensitive

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Desiccant Dryer

A material dryer can be several different configurations, but they all follow a variation on the above approach. Heated air is forced through a hopper of plastic via some type of diffuser. The air is returned to a desiccant bed that removes the moisture from the air. On more efficient dryers, the air first passes through an aftercooler, because it is easier to remove moisture from cool air. Usually one desiccant bed is being regenerated (dried out) while the other is in use.
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THERMOFORMING

The vacuum forming process uses a plastic sheet stretched across the mold surface. The plastic is heated until it is slightly pliable, then a vacuum pulls the plastic down against the mold surface. The plastic hardens against the mold so it can then be de-molded. Other variations of this process use air pressure and mechanical assists to help the plastic conform to the mold surface.
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EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING

Plastic is extruded through a die into the shape of a tube (parison). A clam shell mold closes around the parison and seals it off at the top and bottom. A nozzle is captured inside the parison and air pressure forces the plastic to expand out to the inside of the clam shell. As the plastic hits the mold surface, it cools until it is ready to be ejected from the tool. The blow molded piece is trimmed of the flash hanging off both ends of the part with a knife, stamping die or hot wire.
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BLOWN FILM PROCESS

This schematic shows an operation typical of garbage bag manufacturing. There are multiple layers of plastics in a bag. Each layer imparts a different property to the final bag. The extruder forces plastic through a complex die that pushes a tube out the top of the die. Air is blown out through the middle of the die, which causes the tube to expand to a controlled diameter (not shown). The bag is then flattened and rolled up for post-processing.
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ULTRASONIC WELDING

A clean and efficient way of attaching plastic components to each other is ultrasonic welding. Plastics can be welded to each other if they are the same material, but different materials may not be compatible. Ultrasonic staking will solve this compatibility problem. The ultrasonic equipment causes the plastic to vibrate at 20,000 40,000 Hz. This energy causes the plastic to melt locally and either deform a stake or weld to another piece.
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ULTRASONIC WELDING

Scarf joints.

Ultrasonic staking, swaging and spot welding.

A basic shear/interference joint.

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PLASTIC MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LISTING

Trademarks ACLAR ACRYLITE ADIPRANE ADPRO AKULON ALATHON (R) ALCRYN ALTON AMODEL AMPOL APEC APEX ARALDR ITE ARDEL ARLOY ARNITE ARYLON ASHLENE ASTREL ASTRYN AZDEL BAKELITE BAKELITE BAKELITE BAYBLEND BAYFLEX BAYFLEX BEXLOY K BEXLOY V BEXLOY W BUTACITE BUTVAR CADON CADON CADON CALIBRE CAPRON (R)CARILON CELANESE CELANEX CELANEX CELCON CENTREX CENTREX Supplier AUSIMONT CYRO INDUSTRIES UNIROYAL INC. GENESIS POLYMERS DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. INTERNATIONAL POLYMERS AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP AMERICAN POLYMERS INC BAYER CORP TEKNOR APEX CO. CIBA-GEIGY CORP. AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP ARCO CHEMICAL CO DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. ASHLEY POLYMERS AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. MONTELL AZDEL INC. UNION CARBIDE CORP. UNION CARBIDE CORP. UNION CARBIDE CORP. BAYER CORP BAYER CORP BAYER CORP DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. MONSANTO CO. BAYER BAYER MONSANTO CO. DOW CHEMICAL CO. ALLIED SIGNAL SHELL HOECHST CELANESE HOECHST CELANESE HOECHST CELANESE HOECHST CELANESE BAYER BAYER Symbol PCTFE PMMA PUR PP P6, PA66 PE-LD, PE-HD, PE-LLD TECEA ETHYLENE ALLOY PPS+PTFE PPA CA PAT PVC EP PAT PC+SMA PBT, PET PAT PA6, PA66, PA12 PAS PP PP PE-LD, PE-MD, PE-HD PF PE-LLD ABS+PC PUR PUR PET TEEE+PBT EMA PVB PVB ABS ABS+SMA SMAH PC PA6, PA6/66 PK PA66 PBT PBT+PET POM ASA ASA+AEC Plastic "Family" Name POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) "ACRYLIC" POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET (UNSATURATED) POLYPROPYLENE POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYETHYLENE, LOW, HIGH, LINEAR LOW DENSITY THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER: CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE + POLYTETRA FLUORETHYLENE POLY PHTHALAMIDE CELLULOSE ACETATE POLYARYLATE -POLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) EPOXIDE: EPOXY POLYARYLATE -POLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC POLYCARBONTE + STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYARYLATE -POLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC POLYAMIDE 6, 66, &12"NYLON 6, 66, &12" POLYARYLSULFONE POLYPROPYLENE POLYPROPYLENE POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH DENSITY PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE POLYETHYLENE, LINEAR LOW DENSITY ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYCARBONATE POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET POLYURETHANE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE ETHER ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER + POLYBUTYLENE EREPHTHLATE ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACID POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL) POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL) ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE POLYCARBONATE POLYAMIDE 6, 6/66"NYLON 6, 6/66" POLYKETONE POLYAMIDE 66"NYLON 66" POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYBUTHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE + POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYOXYMETHYLENE: POLYFORMALDEHYDE "ACETAL" ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE + ACRYLONITRILE/ETHYLENE/STYRENE

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PLASTIC MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LISTING

Trademarks CHEVRON H.D CORVEL CTI NYLON CYANAPRENE CYCOL AC CYCOLOY CYCOLIN CYCOVIN K CYMEL CRASTIN CYROLITE Supplier CHEVRON CHEMICAL CO. POLYMER CORP. CTI AMERICAN CYANAMID CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. AMERICAN CYANAMID CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO CYRO INDUSTRIES Symbol PE-HD EP PA11, PA6/12 PUR ABS ABS+PC ABS+PBT ABS+PVC MD PBT MMA/S/EA+B/MMA/S Plastic "Family" Name POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITY EPOXIDE POLYAMIDE 11, 6/12, "NYLON 11, 6/12" POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET (UNSATURATED) ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYCARBONATE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE +POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYVINYL CHLORIDE MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE),COSTYRENE, CO ETHYLEACRYLATE)+POLY(BUTADIENE, CO-METHYLMETHACRYLATE, COSTYRENE CYTOR UNKNOWN TPU POLYURETHANE, THERMOPLASTIC POLYPROPYLENE POLY (DIALLYL PHTHALATE) POLYOXYMETHYLENE: POLYFORMALDEHYDE "ACETAL" POLYOXYMETHYLENE + POLYTETRA FLUORETHYLENE EPOXY VINYL ESTER RESINS POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET (UNSATURATED) THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) "ACRYLIC" MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE PMMA POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE POLYETHYLENE: LINEAR LOW, POLYBUTENE-1 POLYAMIDE 6-"NYLON 6" POLYSTYRENE POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLY (DIALLYL PHTHALATE) PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE ETHYL CELLULOSE STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE POLYSTYRENE POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE, THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER POLYARYLATE -THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER POLY-P-OXYBENZOATE POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALALTE) POLYCYCLOHEXYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) POLYCARBONATE + POLYCYCLOHEXYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

DAPLEN DAPON DELRIN DELRIN AF DERAKANE DESMOPAN (R) DEXFLEX DIAKON DIARON DIAMOND ABS DKE+450 DOWLEX DURAFLEX DURETHAN DURATHON DURETHAN DURETHAN DUREZ DUREZ DURILITE DYLARK DYLENE DYNYL ECONOL EKKCEL EASTAPAC EASTAR EASTAR FB EASTAR MB

POLYDAN INTERNATIONAL POLYDAN INTERNATIONAL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DOW CHEMICAL CO. BAYER CORP. D&S PLASTICS ICI HYDE GROUP REICHOLD CHEMICALS INC. DIAMOND SUMITOMO CORP.OF AMERICA DOW CHEMICAL CO. SHELL CHEMICAL CO. BAYER CORP. BAYER AG BAYER CORP. BAYER CORP. OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL UNKNOWN ARCO CHEMICAL CO. ARCO CHEMICAL CO. RHONE POULENC INC. SOHIO CHEMICAL CO. CARBORUNDUM CO. EASTMAN CHEMICAL EASTMAN CHEMICAL EASTMAN CHEMICAL, INC EASTMAN CHEMICAL, INC

PP PDAP POM POM+PTFE EP PUR TEO PMMA MF ABS PVC+ PE-LLD PB PA6 PS PA6, PA66 PA6, PA66 PDAP PF EC SMA PS PEBA PAT POB PET PCT PET PC+PCT

EASTAR MB

EASTMAN CHEMICAL, INC

PC+PET

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PLASTIC MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LISTING

Trademarks ELEXAR ELEXAR ELVAX EMAC EMPEE ENVEX EPOCAST EPOLITE EPON EPOTUF ESCORENE Supplier SHELL CHEMICAL CO. SHELL CHEMICAL CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. CHEVRON MONMOUTH PLASTICS INC. ROGERS CORP. CIBA-GEIGY HEXCEL SHELL CHEMICAL CO. REICHOLD CHEMICALS INC. EXXON CHEMICAL AMERICAS Symbol S/B TES E/VAC E/MA PE-LD, PE-MD PI EP EP EP EP PE-LD, PE-LLD, PE-MD Plastic "Family" Name STYRENE-BUTADIENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER ETHYLENE/VINYL ACETATE ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACRYLATE POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM DENSITY POLYIMIDE EPOXIDE: EPOXY EPOXIDE: EPOXY EPOXIDE: EPOXY EPOXIDE: EPOXY POLYETHYLENE: LOW, LINEAR LOW, MEDIUM DENSITY POLYPR OPYLENE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER ETHYL CELLULOSE POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL) THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE, POLYPROPYLENE POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE PERFLUORO (ETHYLENE/PROPYLENE) ETHYLENE METHACRYLATE ACID FORMVARMONSANTO CO.PVFMPOLY (VINYL FORMAL) STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLY (PHENYLENE SULFIDE) SILICONE ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE + POLYVINYL CHLORIDE ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE + POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE BLEND POLY (VINYL ACETATE) POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL) POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE + POLYPHENYLENE ETHER BLEND POLYIMIDE POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) VINYL CHLORIDE/VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) POLYAMIDE 6, 66, 11 AND 12"NYLON 6, 66, 11 AND 12" POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE POLYTERAFLUOROETHYLENE THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER

ESCORENE

EXXON CHEMICAL AMERICAS

PP

ESTANE

B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL

ABS+TPU

ESTANE ETHOCEL EVANOL FERROFLEX FIBERFIL FIBERCO FLUON FLUOROCOMP FORMION

B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL DOW CHEMICAL CO. UNKNOWN FERRO CORP. DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS POLYMER COMPOSITES INC. ICI AMERICAS INC. LNP CORPORATION A. SCHULMAN INC.

TPU EC PVAL TEO ABS, PP PA6, PA66 PTFE FEP E/MA

FORSACRYL FORTIFLEX FORTRON GE RTV SILICONE GELOY 1200 GELOY 1320

UNKNOWN SOLVAY POLYMERS INC. HOECHST CELANESE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.

SAN PE-LD, PE-MD, PE-HD, PE-LLD PPS SI ASA+PVC ASA+PMMA

GELVA GELVATOL GEMAX GEMON GEON GEON GRACON GRILON HALAR HALAR HIFAX

MONSANTO CO. MONSANTO CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL W.R. GRACE CO. EMS AMERICAN GRILON ALLIED ENGINEERED PLASTICS SIGNAL ALLIED ENGINEERED PLASTICS SIGNAL MONTELL

PVAC PVAL PBT+PPE PI PVC VC/VDC PVC PA6, PA66, PA11, PA12 PCTFE PTFE TEO

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Trademarks HOSTACOM HOSTADUR HOSTAFLON HOSTAFORM HOSTALEN HOSTALEN GUR HOSTALEN PP HOSTALIT Z HYCAR HYTREL IMPET ISOMIN ISOPLAST IXEF JETFLEX KADEL KAMAX KEL-F KINEL KOBLEND KINEL KRALASTIC FVM KRATON KYDEX KYNAR K-RESINS LEXAN LEXAN LOMOD LUPOLEN LURAN LURAN LUSTRAN LUSTRAN LUSTRAN LUSTREX LUVICAN MAKROBLEND MAKROBLEND MAKROLON MAGNUM MARLEX MARLEX MELMAC METTON LMR MICROTHANE Supplier HOECHST AG HOECHST AG HOECHST AG HOECHST AG HOECHST AG HOECHST AG HOECHST AG HOECHST AG B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. HOECHST CELANESE UNKNOWN DOW CHEMICAL CO. SOLVAY MULTIBASE AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. ROHM & HAAS CO. 3M COMPANY RHONE POULENC INC. ENICHEM RHONE POULENC INC. UNIROYAL INC. SHELL CHEMICAL CO. ROHM & HAAS CO. TOHAAS PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. BASF CORP BASF CORP. BASF CORP. BAYER CORP BAYER CORP BAYER CORP POLYSAR INC. BASF CORP. BAYER CORP BAYER CORP BAYER CORP DOW CHEMICAL CO. PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. METTON AMERICA INC. UNKNOWN PP PET PTFE POM PE-HD PE-UHMW PP PVC+CPE PVC+NBR TEEE PET MF PUR PARA AES PAEK PMMI PCTFE PI ABS+PC PI ABS+PVC TES PVC+PMMA PVDF S/B PC PC+PE TEEE PE-HD ASA SAN ABS ABS+PVC SAN PS PVK PC+PBT PC+PET PC ABS PE-MD, PE-HD PP MF PDCPD EVAC Symbol Plastic "Family" Name POLYPROPYLENE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYOXYMETHYLENE: POLYFORMALDEHYDE"ACETAL" POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYPROPYLENE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER - ETHER ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE RIGIG THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE POLYARYLAMID (POLYARAMIDE) ACRYLONITRILE/ETHYLENE/STYRENE POLYARYLETHERKETONE POLY (METHYLMETHACRYLATE IMIDE) POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE POLYIMIDE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE POLYIMIDE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYVINYL CHLORIDE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE POLY (VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) STYRENE-BUTADIENE POLYCARBONATE PLASTICS POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER ETHER ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITY ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYVINYL CHLORIDE STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILE POLYSTYRENE POLYVINYLCARBAZOLE POLYCARBONATE + POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYCARBONATE PLASTICS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE POLYETHYLENE, MEDIUM, HIGH DENSITY POLYPROPYLENE MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE POLYDICYCLOPENTADIENE ETHYLENE/VINYL ACETATE

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Trademarks MINDEL A MINDEL B Supplier AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. Symbol PSU+ABS PSU+PET MINDEL S MINLON MOPLEN MULTI-ABS MULTIFLEX N5 MYTEX NORYL NORYL NORYL GTX NOVODUR NOVOLEN NUSIL NYDUR NYLATRON NYPEL OLEFLO OPPANOL B OPTEMA OROGLAS ORTHANE OZO PARACRIL PAXON PEBAX PEEK PELLETHANE PENTON POCAN PETLON PETRA PETRA PETROTHENE AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. MONTELL MULTIBASE MULTIBASE THERMOFIL INC. EXXON CHEMICAL CO GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. BAYER CORP/BAYER AG BASF CORP. NUSIL BAYER CORP. DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS ALLIED SIGNAL INC. AVISUN BASF CORP. EXXON ROHM & HAAS CO. EAGLE PICHER PLASTICS DIV. UNKNOWN UNIROYAL INC. ALLIEDSIGNAL ELF ATO PEBA VICTREX, U.S.A., INC. DOW CHEMICAL CO. HERCULES INC. BAYER CORP BAYER CORP. ALLIEDSIGNAL ALLIEDSIGNAL QUANTUM CHEM., USI DIV. PSU+PC PA66 PP ABS SEBS PA+SAN PP PPE PPE+PS PPE+PA ABS PP SI PA6 PA6, PA66 PA6 PP PIB E/MA PMMA TPU PVC+NBR PVC+NBR PE-HD POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE PAEK TPU CPE PBT PET PBT PET PE-LD, PE-MD, PE-HD, PE-LLD UF PF PMMA S/B PVC PPS+PTFE ABS PE-HD PP ABS PUR PS Plastic "Family" Name POLYSULFONE + ABS POLY (PHENYLENE SULFONE) POLYSULFONE + POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYSULFONE + POLYCARBONATE POLYAMIDE 66"NYLON 66" POLYPROPYLENE ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE POLYAMIDE + STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILE POLYPROPYLENE POLYPHENYLENE ETHER PLASTICS POLYPHENYLENE ETHER + HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE POLYAMIDE + POLYPHENYLENE ETHER ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE POLYPROPYLENE SILICONE ACID "IONOMER" POLYAMIDE 6"NYLON 6" POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYAMIDE 6"NYLON 6" POLYPROPYLENE POLYISOBUTYLENE ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACID POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) "ACRYLIC" POLYURETHANE, THERMOPLASTIC POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITY THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER POLYARYL ETHER KETONE THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, LINEAR LOW DENSITY PLASKON PLENCO PLEXIGLAS PLIOLITE PLIOVIC POLYCOMP POLYFABS POLYFORT POLYFORT POLYLAC POLYPUR POLYSTYROL PLASKON ELECTRONIC MTLS. PLASTICS ENGINEERING CO. ROHM & HAAS CO. GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER LNP CORPORATION A. SCHULMAN INC. A. SCHULMAN INC. A. SCHULMAN INC. CHI MEI A. SCHULMAN INC. BASF CORP UREA-FORMALDEHYDE PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) "ACRYLIC" STYRENE-BUTADIENE POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE + FLUOROETHYLENE ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITY POLYPROPYLENE ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER POLYSTYRENE

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Trademarks POLYSTYROL POLYSTYROL SB POLYTROPE POLYVIN POLY-DAP PREMI-GLAS PREVAIL PREVEX PREVEX PRO-FAX PROLASTOMER PYRALIN RADEL A RADEL R (R) REXENE RILSAN RITEFLEX BP ROPET ROYALITE RTV-2 RYNITE RYTON SALFLEX SANTOPRENE SARAN SARLINK 2000 SARLINK 3000 SELAR RB SELECTRON SILASTIC SINKRAL SKANOPAL SKYBOND SNIAMID SPECTRIM STANYL STAPRON C STAPRON E STAPRON N STAPRON S STYROLUX STYRON SURLYN TECHNYL Supplier BASF CORP BASF CORP. A. SCHULMAN INC. A. SCHULMAN INC. DAP PREMIX INC. DOW CHEMICAL CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. MONTELL SYNTENE COMPANY DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. REXENE ELF ATOCHEM HOECHST CELANESE ROHM & HAAS CO. ROYALITE TP SILICONES INC. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. SALFLEX POLYMERS LTD ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYS. DOW CHEMICAL CO. DSM THERMOPL.ELASTOM. DSM THERMOPL.ELASTOM. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PPG INDUSTRIES INC. DOW CORNING ENICHEM PERSTORP INC. MONSANTO CO. NYLTECH DOW CHEMICAL CO. DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS WESTLAKE PLASTICS CO. DOW CHEMICAL CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. NYLTECH. Symbol SB PS TEO PVC PDAP UP ABS+PUR PPE PPE+PS PP TEO PI PES PPSU PE-LD PA11, PA12 TEEE PET+PMMA ABS+PVC SI PET PPS TEO TEO PVDC TEO TEO PA+PE-HD UP SI ABS UF PI PA6 PUR PA46 PC+ABS PC+PET ABS+PA SMA SB PS E/MA PA66, PA66/6 Plastic "Family" Name STYRENE/BUTADIENE POLYSTYRENE, HIGH IMPACT THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) POLY (DIALLYL PHTHALATE) POLYESTER, UNSATURATED THERMOSET ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + THERMOPLASTIC URETHANE POLYPHENYLENE ETHER PLASTICS POLYPHENYLENE ETHER + HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE POLYPROPYLENE THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLYIMIDE POLYETHERSULFONE POLYPHENYLENE SULFONE POLYETHYLENE, LOW DENSITY POLYAMIDE 11 & 12 "NYLON 11 & 12" THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERETHER ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE + POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE +POLYVINYL CHLORIDE SILICONE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLY (PHENYLENE SULFIDE) THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER, FULLY CROSSLINKED POLY (VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE) THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLYAMIDE + POLYETHYLENE POLYESTER, THERMOSET (UNSATURATED) SILICONE ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE UREA-FORMALDEHYDE POLYIMIDE POLYAMIDE 6-"NYLON 6" POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET POLYAMIDE 46"NYLON 46" POLYCARBONATE + ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE +POLYAMIDE STYRENE/MALEIC ANHYDRIDE STYRENE-BUTADIENE POLYSTYRENE ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACID "IONOMER" POLYAMIDE 66, PA66/6"NYLON 66, 66/6"

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Trademarks TEDLAR TEFLON TEFLON TEFLON Z TEFZEL TELCAR TELENE TEMPRITE TENITE TENITE TENITE TENITE TENITE TENITE TERBLEND S TERLURAN TETRAN TEXALON TEXIN TEXIN (R) THERMX THERMO THERMOCOMP AL THERMOCOMP KL THERMOCOMP PF TORLON TPX TREFSIN TRIAX 1000 TRIAX TROSIPLAST Supplier DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. TEKNOR APEX CO. BF GOODRICH CO. BF GOODRICH CO. EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS BASF CORP BAYER CORP. PENNWALT CORP. TEXAPOL CORP. BAYER CORP. BAYER CORP. EASTMAN UNKNOWN LNP CORPORATION LNP CORPORATION LNP CORPORATION AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. MITSUI & CO. ADVANCED ELASTOMER BAYER CORP. BAYER CORP. KAY-FRIES INC. Symbol PVF FEP PTFE FEP ETFE TEO PDCPD CPVC CA CAB CAP CP PE-LD PP ASA+PC ABS PTFE PA6, PA66 PC+TPU TPU PCT CPE ABS+PTFE POM+PTFE PA6, PA66 PAI PMP TEO ABS+PA ABS+PC PVC Plastic "Family" Name POLY (VINYL FLUORIDE) PERFLUORO (ETHYLENE/PROPYLENE) POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE/HEXAFLUOR O PROPYLENE ETHYLENE/TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLYDICYCLOPENTADIENE CHLORINATED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) CELLULOSE ACETATE CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE CELLULOSE PROPIONATE POLYETHYLENE POLYPROPYLENE ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE + POLYCARBONATE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYCARBONATE + THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE POLYURETHANE, THERMOPLASTIC POLYCYCLOHEXYLENE TEREPHTHALATE CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYTETRA FLUOROETHYLENE POLYOXYMETHYLENE + POLYTETRA FLUOROETHYLENE POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYAMIDE-IMIDE POLY (4-METHYLPENTENE-1) THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER, FULLY ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYAMIDE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE + POLYCARBONATE POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) TUFFLEXAMERICAN HOECHST CORP.PSPOLYSTYRENE, HIGH IMPACT STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILE CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE POLYSULFONE POLYETHERIMIDE POLYBUTHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE + ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE BLEND POLYAMIDE 66/6-"NYLON 66/6" POLYAMIDE 610-"NYLON 610" POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYOXYMETHYLENE: POLYFORMALDEHYDE"ACETAL" POLYAMIDE 6 & 66"NYLON 6 & 66" POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE, THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER POLYETHER SULFONE POLYSULFONE

TYRIL TYRIN UDEL ULTEM ULTRABLEND

DOW CHEMICAL CO. DOW CHEMICAL CO. AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. BASF CORP

SAN CPE PSU PEI PBT+ASA

ULTRAMID C ULTRAMID S ULTRADUR UTRAFORM ULTRAMID ULTRAMID T ULTRASON ULTRASON

BASF CORP. BASF CORP. BASF CORP BASF CORP BASF CORP BASF CORP BASF CORP BASF CORP.

PA66/6 PA610 PBT POM PA6, PA66 PEBA PES PSU

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Trademarks ULTRASON UNICHEM UVEX VALOX VALOX (R) VANDAR Supplier BASF CORP COLORITE PLASTICS CO. EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. HOECHST CELANESE Symbol PPSU PVC CAB PBT PBT+PET TEEE+PBT Plastic "Family" Name POLY (PHENYLENE SULFONE) POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE + POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS: ETHER ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER +POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERPOLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) "ACRYLIC" POLYARYLAMID (POLYARAMIDE) "ARAMID" POLYIMIDE POLYAMIDE 12"NYLON 12" POLYESTER, THERMOSET (UNSATURATED) POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) POLY (VINYL ACETATE) POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL) POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) VINYL CHLORIDE/VINYL ACETATE THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLYAMIDE 66"NYLON 66", NYLON 66/6 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + POLYURETHANE POLYAMIDE 6, 66, &66/6"NYLON 6, 66 &66/6" POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYCARBONATE + POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE), COSTYRENE, COACRYLONITRILE)+POLY(BUTADIENE, CO- METHYLMETHACRYLATE, COSTYRENE) LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERPOLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERPOLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC POLYAMIDE 66,66/6"NYLON 66,66/6" POLYAMIDE 612"NYLON 612" POLYAMIDE COPOLYMER...

VECTRA VEDRIL VESPEL VESPEL VESTAMID VIBRIN-MAT VINOFLEX VINYLITE VINYLITE VINYLITE VINYLITE VISTAFLEX VYDYNE VYNITE VYRAM VYTHENE (R) WELLAMID WELLITE WELLPET XENOY XT POLYMER

HOECHST CELANESE VEDRIL SPA (SPAIN) DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. HUELS AG/HUELS AMERICA U.S. RUBBER CO. BASF CORP. CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM ESSO CHEMICALS (EUROPE) BAYER CORP ALLIED ENGINEERED PLASTICS ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYST. ALPHA CHEM. & PLASTICS CO. WELLMAN INC. WELLMAN INC. WELLMAN INC. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. CYRO INDUSTRIES

LCP PMMA PARA PI PA12 UP PVC PVAC PVB PVC VC/VAC TEO PA66, PA66/6 PVC+NBR TEO PVC+PUR PA6, PA66,PA66/6 PBT PET PC+PBT (MMA/S/AN+B/MMA/S)

XYDAR ZENITE (R) ZYTEL ZYTEL ZYTEL HTN

AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO.

LCP LCP PA66,66/6 PA612 PA6T/MPMD

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NOTES

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