CHEE 405 (G)

Process Heat Transfer

Chapter 2: 1-6

Instructor:
William Chirdon, Ph.D.
wmc8199@louisiana.edu
Temperature Dependence of
Thermal Conductivity
Most physical properties are temperature dependent
Including thermal conductivity
(see Fig. 1-6)
Often fitted to a linear function of T
No strict scientific basis
More complicated functions would be possible and more
accurate
Choose a function (constant, linear, other) based on the
available data and the demands of the project
Temperature Dependence of
Thermal Conductivity
} }
c + = c
2
1
0
2
1
) 1 ( : Wall D - 1 For
T
T
x
x
T T A k x q |
) 1 (
0
T k k | + =
x
T
A T k q
c
c
+ = ) 1 (
0
|
q = heat flow (W)
k = thermal conductivity (W/m
o
C)
A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m
2
)
T = temperature (
o
C)
x = thickness of wall (m)
(

+
A
= ) (
2
) (
2
1
2
2 1 2
0
T T T T
x
A k
q
|
(Eqn 2-2)
Multi-Component Systems
Multi-layer Walls
k
a
k
b
k
c
x
a
x
b
x
c

q
c
c
b
b
a
a
x
T T
A k q
x
T T
A k q
x
T T
A k q
) (
) (
) (
3 4
2 3
1 2

=
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
Multi-layer Walls
c
c
b
b
a
a
x
T T
A k q
x
T T
A k q
x
T T
A k q
) (
) (
) (
3 4
2 3
1 2

=
4 1
4 3
3 2
2 1
T T
A k
x q
A k
x q
A k
x q
T T
A k
x q
T T
A k
x q
T T
A k
x q
c
c
b
b
a
a
c
c
b
b
a
a
= + +
=
=
=
A k
x
A k
x
A k
x
T T
q
c
c
b
b
a
a
+ +

=
4 1
(equation 2-3)
Multi-layer Wall

A
=
+ +
A
=
+ +

=
=
A

n
i
overall
c b a
overall
c
c
b
b
a
a
i i
i
i
R
T
R R R
T
A k
x
A k
x
A k
x
T T
q
A q
T
R
1
4 1
resistance thermal
/
Multi-layer Wall

A
=
=
A

n
i
overall
i
slab
i i
i
i
R
T
q
A k
x
R
A q
T
R
1
/
k
a
k
b
k
c
x
a
x
b
x
c

q
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
R
a
R
b
R
c
Electrical Analogy
q ~ current
AT ~ voltage
R
i
~ resistance
Multi-mode Heat Transfer

A
=
=
A

n
i
overall
i i
convection
i
slab
i i
i
i
R
T
A h
R
A k
x
R
A q
T
R
1
1
/
h
a
k
b
h
c
q
R
a
R
b
R
c
Co-Current Heat Exchanger
flow flow
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
solid
Multi-mode Heat Transfer

=
A =
n
i
overall
R A
U
T UA q
1
1
h
a
k
b
h
c
q
R
a
R
b
R
c
Co-Current Heat Exchanger
flow flow
solid
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
Thermal Resistance and R-values
Conceptually similar, but not interchangeable
Watch units!
Thermal Resistance = C/W
R-value = C m
2
/W

i
i
i
i
k
x
R
A k
x
R
A
=
A
=
value -
resistance thermal
Cylindrical Heat Exchanger
Fluid (T
a
) Fluid (T
b
)
wall
o o
i o
i i
b a
i o
wall cylinder
i o
o i
wall cylinder
i i
i
i
A h kL
r r
A h
T T
q
kL
r r
R
r r
T T kL
q
A q
T
R
1
2
) / ln( 1
2
) / ln(
) / ln(
) ( 2
/
+ +

=
=

=
A

t
t
t
Insulated Pipe/Wire
Conduction + Convection
o
i o
air i
o o
hr k
r r
T T L
q
L r A
1 ) / ln(
) ( 2
2
+

=
=
t
t
r
i

r
o

h, T
air

How will increasing r
o
affect
the heat transfer rate?
o
i o
air i
hA kL
r r
T T
q
1
2
) / ln(
+

=
t
NOTE: Table 2-1 contains
pipe insulation values.
Critical Insulation Thickness
h
k
r
hr k hr kr hr kr
o
o o o o o
=
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

1 1
,
1 1
, 0
1 1
2 2
o
i o
air i
hr k
r r
T T L
q
1 ) / ln(
) ( 2
+

=
t
r
i

r
o

h, T
air

0
1 ) / ln(
1 1
) ( 2
2
2
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
o
i o
o o
air i
o
hr k
r r
hr kr
T T L
dr
dq
t
Critical Insulation Thickness
If r
o
< r
c
, then increasing r
o
will increase the
heat transfer rate
Due to the increased surface area for convection
If r
o
> r
c
, then increasing r
o
will decrease the
heat transfer rate
Due to conduction through the wall
h
k
r
c
=
Composite Wall System (1D Transfer)
a
b
c
d h
f
e g
T
1
T
2
q
R
a
R
b
R
g
R
d
R
e
R
c
R
f
R
h
Steady State Heat Generation
in a 1-D Slab
0
0
2
2
2
2
=
= +
c
c
= +
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
dx
T d
k
q
dx
T d
T
c q
x
T
k
x
dot
dot
t

1-D Heat Conduction Equation:

Steady-state Assumption:
Steady-state Assumption, no heat generation:
(Note: 3-D and spherical/cylindrical coordinates are in your textbook)
Occurs in nuclear reactors,
electrical resistance, chemical
reactions, (e.g. fresh concrete)
Steady State Heat Generation
in a 1-D Slab
2 1
2
2
2
2
0
C x C x
k
q
T
k
q
dx
T d
dot
dot
+ + =
= +
Steady-state Assumption:
Eq 2-22a:
x

=

-

L

x

=

+

L

x

=

0

Define T at x = 0 as T
0
, so that C
2
= T
0

If T
x=+L
= T
x=-L
, then C
1
= 0
2
0
2
x
k
q
T T
dot
=
General Solution:
Steady State Heat Generation
in a 1-D Slab
2
0
2
x
k
q
T T
dot
= Eq 2-22a:
x

=

-

L

x

=

+

L

x

=

0

If T = T
w
at +/- L, then:
k
q
L
T T
dot w
2
2
0
=

2
0
0
|
.
|

\
|
=

L
x
T T
T T
w
Eq 2-22b:
Steady State Heat Generation
in a Cylinder
( )
2
2 2
4
r R
k
q
T T
dot
w
=
Eq 2-25a:
r

=

R

r

=

0

2
0
1
|
.
|

\
|
=

R
r
T T
T T
w
w
Eq 2-26:
r

=

R

(see your text)
( )
2 1
2
ln
4
C r C r
k
q
T
dot
+ + =
General Solution: