Capacity Requirement Planning

DARYL CANILLAS PAGADUAN JULIUS TAMAYAO

Capacity Requirements Planning

Capacity Requirements Planning is a computerized technique for projecting resource requirements for critical work stations. Inputs: Planned order releases Routing file Open orders file Outputs: Load Profile for each work center

Definitions
Planned Order Releases: Information from the Material Requirements Planning which tells when you should start the order so it can be completed on time. Routing Files: Information that details the requirements of equipment and labor to complete the order as needed in the required time frame. Open Orders Files: Information regarding the orders that are currently started and need to be completed.

Capacity Requirements Planning

A tool for:
determining capacity that is available and required. Alleviating bottleneck work centers.

Helping planners make the right decisions on scheduling before problems develop. Verifies that you have sufficient capacity available to meet the capacity requirements for MRP plans.

What is Capacity?
The work that the system is capable of doing in a period of time. It must be determined at different levels: plant department work center. It is normally stated in standard hours of work.

What is Capacity?
Capacity = (no. of machines or workers) x (no. shifts) x (utilization) x (efficiency)
(Russell & Taylor) Best operating level is the percent of capacity utilization that minimizes average unit cost. Usually 80% with a 20% cushion

Utilization and Efficiency

Utilization is the percent of available time spent working.
Efficiency is how well a machine or worker performs compared to a standard output level.

Russell and Taylor

Utilization and Efficiency

Actual Hours Charged Utilization = Hours

Scheduled Available
Standard Hours Earned

Efficiency = Actual Hours Charged

Reason to use CPR

Bottleneck Management The throughput of all products processed is controlled by bottlenecks. Work centers need to be scheduled at a rate to prevent bottlenecks. To eliminate bottlenecks, a time buffer inventory should be established.

Basic Strategies for Timing Capacity

CRP provides information to determine the timing of capacity expansion. The basic strategies in relation to a steady growth in demand are: Capacity Lead Strategy Capacity Lag Strategy Average Capacity Strategy

Capacity Lead Strategy

In anticipation of demand, capacity is increased. This is an aggressive strategy and is used to lure customers away from competitors.

Capacity Planning
How much to increase capacity demands depend upon a number of factors, including: Anticipated demand volume & certainty Strategic objectives Costs of expansion and operation

Capacity Lag Strategy

Increase capacity after demand has increased. This is a conservative strategy and may result in lose of customers. You assume customers will return after capacity has been met.

Average Capacity Strategy

Average expected demand is calculated and capacity is increased accordingly. This is the most moderate strategy.

Adjustments to Capacity
Increase capacity by: Adding extra shifts Scheduling overtime or weekends Adding equipment and/or personnel Reduce load by: Reducing lot sizes Holding work in production control Subcontracting work to outside suppliers

Adjustments to Capacity
Reduce capacity by: Temporarily reassigning staff Reducing the length of shifts Eliminating shifts Increase load by: Releasing orders early Increasing lot sizes Making items normally outsourced

Capacity Planning
Best operating is seldom at 100% and varies with industry. In industries where demand is highly variable, large capacity cushions are common. Companies with less flexibility and higher costs maintain small cushions under 10%. Overbooking is common with some industries such as airlines.

Economies of Scale
Economies of scale is the best operating level. Economies of scale is the point where it costs less per unit to produce high levels of output. Occurs when fixed costs are spread over large number of units

Diseconomies of Scale
Occurs at a certain level of output. When fixed costs increase with number of units being produced, examples: Higher rework More equipment breakdown

What is CRP Used For?

To determine the capability of a system or resource to produce a quantity of output in a particular time period. For example: Should the hospital hire more registered nurses to care for the projected patient load? Should the hospital build more rooms for patients? What is the projected finish time for the current projects?

CRP Produces Load Profile

CRP uses the information to produce a load profile for each machine or work center. A load profile: Compares released orders and planned orders with the capacity of the work center. Identifies underloads and overloads.

What is a load?
Load refers to the standard hours of work assigned to a facility.

Russell and Taylor

What Is Load Percent?

Load percent is the ratio of load to capacity.
Load
Load percent = Capacity x 100%

Russell and Taylor

Load % Example
A local road construction company needs to develop engineering specifications prior to doing any pre-surfacing preparation. The company has been awarded the bid on four projects. They have one engineer. It takes 4 hours per mile to develop the engineering specifications. The first project is 30 miles long and must be started by March 15th to complete on schedule. The second project is 20 miles long and must be started by April 1st. The third project is 5 miles long and must be started by May 1st. The fourth project is 15 miles long and must be started by May 23rd. It is now February 15th. The engineer works a 40 hours week and is very experienced so he operates at 100% efficiency. Assume one project can not be started until the previous project is completed. Does the engineer have enough time to accomplish the specifications on time?

Engineering Calculations (Capacity)

Numbers of hours = 40 Shifts = 1 Efficiency = 100% Utilization = 4/5 = 80% Capacity = 40 x 1 x 0.8 x 1.00 = 32 hours
Project Project Project Project 1 2 3 4 capacity capacity capacity capacity = = = = 4 2 4 3 (weeks) (weeks) (weeks) (weeks) x x x x 32 32 32 32 = = = = 128 64 128 96

Engineering Calculations (Load)

Project 1 = 30 x 4 hours per mile = 120 hours
(start by February 15th must be completed by March 15th)

Project 2 = 20 x 4 hours per mile = 80 hours

(start March 16th must be completed by April 1st)

Project 3 = 5 x 4 hours per mile = 20 hours

(start April 2nd must be completed by May 1st)

Project 4 = 15 x 4 hours per mile = 60 hours

(start by May 2nd must be completed by May 23rd)

Engineering Calculations (Load %)

Project 1 = 120/128 = 94% Can be completed Project 2 = 80/64 = 125% Can not be completed Project 3 = 20/128 = 16% Can be completed Project 4 = 60/96 = 63% Can be completed

Road Construction Bidding

In analyzing the engineering calculations, the company must decide if it cost effective to accept the bid on project 2. Based on the current capacity, the engineer is not able to complete the engineering specifications as needed. If the company accepts the bid, one of the following adjustments will need to be made: Add extra shift (weekend or evening) Schedule overtime Add personnel temporarily

Test Exercise of Load %

A local hospital prides themselves in top quality patient care. They have 5 registered nurses on each of the 3 shifts and each nurse cares for 5 patients. Each patient requires 1.5 hours of RNs time. For week one they have projected the patient load to be 200 patients, week two the patient load will be 225 patients, week three the patient load will be 180 patients and week four the patient load will be 195 patients. The staff consists of about 30% student graduate RNs; therefore the efficiency is 70%. Each nurse works 36 hours per week. Does the hospital have sufficient staff to provide care for the patients?

Summary
To operate at maximum capacity, companies must use the resources available. If resources under underutilized, the profit margin will not be maximum. Using capacity requirements planning helps a company identify potential problems, such as eliminating the possibility of overworking the current staff, overloading machines, losing customers because the work could not be completed as scheduled, paying penalties for late delivery.

Resources
Russell, Roberta A. and Bernard W. Taylor III Operations Management. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall 2003 Capacity Requirement Planning MGT 651 IV, Dr. Ozatalay www.mitrol.com/html/capacityplanning.html www.coalitioncomputing.com/cccweb/products/software/ gp/eenterprise/modules/GP-CapacityRequirePlan.doc http://sandbox.aiss.uiuc.edu/oracle/nca/crp/crp.htm