FH Planning

s
Network Design and Consulting

Planning & Optimisation
of
Frequency Hopping
in
GSM Networks
Authors:
U. Rehfuess, ICM N MR
Dr. K. Dietrich, ICM N MR
A. Volke, ICM N MR
B. Kronmueller, ICM N ST
s
Outline
Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks
Implementation Aspects
Frequency Assignment in FH Networks
BSS - Database Parameters
Optimisation Aspects
Summary
s
s
Frame N 0
Frame N 1
Frame N 2
Frame N 3
Baseband FH
RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
BB1
BB2
BB3
BB4
Logical
Channel
1
2
3
4
Synthesizer FH
Mobiles use Synthesizer Hopping only
BS implementation: power down, synthesizer re-tuning and power up again within guard
period
2 Synthesizers are implemented
RF1..n
RF1..n
RF1..n
BB1
BB2
BB3
BB4
RF1..n
Logical
Channel
1
2
3
4
Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
s
Baseband FH
Synthesizer FH
Combining Equipment in Baseband and Synthesizer FH
RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
BB1
BB2
BB3
BB4
1
2
3
4
F
i
l
t
e
r

C
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g

TX Antenna
RF1..n
RF1..n
RF1..n
BB1
BB2
BB3
BB4
RF1..n
1
2
3
4
H
y
b
r
i
d

C
o
m
b
i
n
g

TX Antenna
Narrow Band
Low insertion loss (3-4 dB)
Wide band
Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage)
On-air combining possible (DUCOM)
s
Combiner, Link Budget of Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Power Output Power
Amplifier W
PA 25 W
40 W
HPA 60 W
Combiner Attenuation
Type dB
DUCOM 2:1 2.5
DUCOM 4:1 5.7
HYCOM 1:1 2.0
HYCOM 2:1 3.7
HYCOM 4:1 6.5
FICOM 2:1 2.4
FICOM 4:1 3.0
FICOM 6:1 3.3
DUCIT 2.8
Combiner Losses and Output Power
Example: GSM 900
Determine configuration and
hardware status before SFH
implementation
Determine necessary upgrades
(TPU, PA, Combiner)
Actualize and check
Link budgets
Introduce further HPA where
necessary
Max. number of TRXs per cell
depends on hardware
configuration
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BFH SFH
TPU X
TPU 2 X X
PA X X X*
HPA X X
* not all types of first generation power amplifiers are suitable for for SFH
TPU, PA for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
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Software Release: BR 3.7 or higher
Cell Synchronization: up to 2/2/2 BS 6x/2x
up to 8/8/8 BS 24x
No. of Hopping Frequencies:
max. 16 per cell (BFH incl. BCCH)
max. 15 per cell (SFH w/o BCCH)
max. 64 per cell with BR 6.0
BS11: SFH only (BR 4.0)
Hardware and Software for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
s
Baseband hopping
Narrowband RFcombining sufficient
BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop
Synthesizer hopping Wideband RF combining required
One TRX per hopping frequency required!
No. of RF = No. of TRX
No. of RF > No. of TRX
BCCH TRX must not hop
More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible
Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
s
Hardware Requirements: Repeater
8 Wideband Repeaters:
Usable for SFH and BFH
Careful implementation (amplification of signals
in the whole frequency band)

8 Channel selective Repeaters:
Usable for BFH
Number of frequencies is limited
Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios
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Frequency Assignment
in Hopping Networks
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Frequency Planning
Process Frequency Assignment
Guideline for RF-planners
Focus on SFH planning and
hopping TCH - carriers
BCCH - carrier assignment:
planning with tool is always
recommended
Planning must be adjusted to
each individual network
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Frequency Planning
Common Band - Dedicated Band - Multiple Re-Use Patterns
5 hopping frequencies
PC on, DTX on
[%]
90%@FERs2%
Dedicated Band
71.8%
Dedicated Band
15 BCCH carriers 28 TCH carriers
Common Band
59.7%
Common Band
total operator bandwidth 8.6 MHz = 43 carriers
43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH
MRP
54.3%
15 BCCH carriers 12 TCH + 9 TCH + 7 TCH carriers
Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP)
Achievable System Load
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Fixed reuse scheme to all
hopping cells
possible reuses:
3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1
Tool supported frequency
assignment based on interference
matrix considering FH gains
Frequency Planning
Frequency groups - Tool supported planning
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
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Frequency Planning
Planning of BCCH
BCCH 3 BCCH 2
BCCH 1
BCCH 9
BCCH 8
BCCH 7
BCCH 6
BCCH 5
BCCH 4
BCCH 13
BCCH 11
BCCH 10
BCCH
e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse
Reliability
Neighbor Measurements
BSIC Decoding
BCCH Frequency active at all
timeslots in the downlink
-> no interference averaging
s

8 Cluster 1/3
Channel
1, 4, 7, 10, ...
2, 5, 8, 11, ...
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
With a deliberately MAIO -
assignment and identical HSN
assignment to sectors you can avoid
adjacent-channel interference between
the sectors within one site
Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (I)
Co-channel interference is avoided by
the frequency groups
MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 ...
Sector 1 0 2 4 ...
Sector 2 1 3 5 ...
Sector 3 0 2 4 ...
Min # RF 6 12 18
TCH C
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C
TCH B
TCH A
TCH A
TCH B
TCH C
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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (II)
Each sector within a site uses a
different Frequency Group
No co-channel collisions between
sectors of a site
Synchronisation between the sectors
and MAIO management avoid
adjacent channel collisions
Homogeneous network:
no co-channel collisions between
serving cell and all nearest
neighbour cells
TCH uses each frequency only
part of the time (e.g. 50%)
50% fractional load
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1
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8 Cluster 1/1
All sectors same frequency group
Identical HSN to sectors of one site
MAIO assignment to avoid co- and adjacent channel
interference
Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (III)
MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 ...
Sector 1 0 6 12 18 ...
Sector 2 2 8 14 20 ...
Sector 3 4 10 16 22 ...
Min # RF 6 12 18 24
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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (IV)
Each sector within a site uses the
same frequency group
Synchronisation between the sectors
and MAIO management required to
avoid co-channel collisions
Homogeneous network:
Co-channel collisions between
serving cell and nearest neighbor
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
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Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (I)
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping)
GSM 05.02.
MAI ... Mobile Allocation Index (integer 1...N-1)
FN ... TDMA Frame Number (0... 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647)
MAIO ... Mobile Allocation Index Offset (0 ... N -1)
N ... Number of allocated frequencies
For example: (MAIO=0)
MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41
set of ARFCN numbers to be
used in the hopping sequence
N=15
1. burst FN = 0: MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0 ARFCN = 1

etc...
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Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (II)
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N if HSN = 0 (random hopping)
with:
S = M if M < N
S = (M + T) modulo N else
M = M modulo [2^Integer(log
2
(N)+1)]
T = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log
2
(N)+1)]
M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3)
T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter
RNTABLE ... Table of 114 Integer numbers
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Frequency Planning
Example for MAIO - Management (I)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
10
7
Time (TDMA - frame)
Time (TDMA - frame)
1
3 5
9 11
13
15 17
2
4 6
8
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
BCCH
MAIO = 2
MAIO = 8
MAIO = 14
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
BCCH
MAIO = 4
MAIO = 10
MAIO = 16
TRX3
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
BCCH
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 6
MAIO = 12
10 12
14
16 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 9 8 7 10
12 14
16
18 2
4
6 8
7
9
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Time (TDMA - frame)
s
Frequency Planning
Example for MAIO - Management (II)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
1 2 3 4 5 6 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 9 8 7 10
Avoid Co - channel collision:
min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)
Avoid Adjacent - channel collision:
only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time

Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with
MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site
(18 frequencies in example)
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
BCCH
MAIO = 2
MAIO = 8
MAIO = 14
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
BCCH
MAIO = 4
MAIO = 10
MAIO = 16
TRX3
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
BCCH
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 6
MAIO = 12
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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups and MAIO - Assignment
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
HSN = 1
HSN = 2
HSN = 3
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
f B
f B
f B
f B
f B
f B
f B
f C
f C
f C
f C
f C
f C
f C TRX3
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
BCCH
BCCH BCCH
BCCH
BCCH BCCH
BCCH BCCH
BCCH
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 1 MAIO = 0
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 1 MAIO = 0
MAIO = 0 MAIO = 1
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 2
MAIO = 3 MAIO = 2
MAIO = 2
MAIO = 3 MAIO = 2
MAIO = 2 MAIO = 3
MAIO = 2
f A
f A
f A
f A
f A
f A
f A
MAIO = 5 MAIO = 4
MAIO = 4
Frequency group:
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
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Frequency Planning Tools
The Automatic Frequency Planning Process
Input data
from radio network
planning tool
Automatized
Planning Routines
Variety of
Planning Algorithms
Setting of planning
constraints
Common / Dedicated
Band Planning
Global / Local
Parameter Settings
Minimisation
of
interference
Consideration of
FH, PC, DTX
Evaluation
of the assignments
C/I and FER plots
C/I and FER analysis
on per carrier basis
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The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Tool
8 Efficient algorithms for different optimization targets:
Minimizing global interference
Minimizing worst interfering cell relations
...
8 Features for advanced network planning strategies
Frequency hopping
Power Control
Discontinuous transmission
8 Graphical evaluation of frequency assignments based on
C/I
FER
8 Very good results in European research program COST 259 benchmarks in quality of result at short execution times (typically
seconds to minutes)
8 High performance proved in live networks with different customers
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Consideration of Radio Link Control Options
8 Automatic consideration of hopping gains and
interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis
during
interference matrix calculation
optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly
efficient optimisation algorithms

8 Graphical evaluation of the assignment results based
on FER

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EIRP - Path
loss
EIRP - Path
loss
Potentially serving
signal S
C

Potentially interfering
signal S
I

Percentage of
potentially
affected calls
due to C/I
Percentage of
potentially
affected calls
due to C/A
9 dB 50 % 0 %
7 dB 60 % 0 %
5 dB 70 % 0 %
3 dB 80 % 5 %
1 dB 90 % 10 %
A
i
E
A
i
E
A
i
E
Interference
matrix
Cell area
Affected area due
to C/I
Affected area due
to C/A
50%
Generation of the interference matrix
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Required C/I in FH-GSM (TU3), Cyclic Hopping
FH Gains as determined
via Real Network
Simulations

Shift: 6.5 dB 13.5 dB
Gain: up to 7 dB

NH
2 Ch
3 Ch
4 Ch
5 Ch
8 Ch
50%
s
Frequency Reuse & C/I values (Non Hopping)
- Required no. of frequencies
- Cluster size / Reuse distance: q = SQRT(3*N)
- C/I rule of thump: C/I
abs
~ 1,5 * N
2
N Anzahl f q C/I [dB]
2 6 2,45 7,78
3 9 3,00 11,30
4 12 3,46 13,80
5 15 3,87 15,74
6 18 4,24 17,32
7 21 4,58 18,66
8 24 4,90 19,82
9 27 5,20 20,85
10 30 5,48 21,76
12 36 6,00 23,34
15 45 6,71 25,28
18 54 7,35 26,87
20 60 7,75 27,78
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Required C/I in FH-GSM for different environments
Typical frequency hopping gain
The following table shows the typical gain from frequency
hopping in a GSM 900 network (example of the signal-to-noise
ratio required to obtain 0.2% residual BER for class 1b bits):

Frequency hopping TU3 TU50 HT100
None 11.5 7.5 6.8
2 frequency 10.0 6.5 6.7
4 frequency 8.25 6.0 6.6
8 frequency 7.5 6.0 6.6
16 frequency 6.75 6.0 6.6
Source: SIEMENS TED-BSS
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Analyses of FER
Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network
1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load 1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load
< 1%
< 2 %
< 3 %
3 %
FER in %
< 1%
< 2 %
< 3 %
3 %
FER in %
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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (I)
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
2
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
4
4
2
4
4
Network Example:
11 Sites
33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX
12 cells 3 TRX
15 cells 4 TRX
33 TRX BCCH
75 TRX TCH
No. of TRX
s
Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (II)
Given Spectrum: 42 channels
12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX
30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping)
Reuse of: 4 30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in average
5 30/5 = 6 frequencies per cell in average
6 30/6 = 5 frequencies per cell in average
7 30/7 = 4.2 frequencies per cell in average
Network Example:
11 Sites
33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX
12 cells 3 TRX
15 cells 4 TRX
s
Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (III)
Planning Rule: (example)
1 Hopping TRX 3 frequencies
No. of
assigned
frequencies
for FH
Frequency Reuse Factor:
156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average
30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell = 6.3
4 / 6
4 / 6
6 / 4
3 / 4
3 / 4
4 / 3
2 / 3
4 / 6
6 / 4
No. of TRX
Network Example:
11 Sites
33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX
12 cells 3 TRX
15 cells 4 TRX
s
Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Separations for hopping TCH:
Intra cell separation: 3
Intra site separation: 1
Neighbour separation: 1
Interference Matrix for hopping TCH:
co-channel: C/I curve 7 dB (50% probability)
adjacent channel: C/I curve -6 dB (50% probability)
MAIO and HSN:
HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping)
MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH)
MAIO = 1 for TRX2
MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc.
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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
etc....
Example for a site list:
Site Id Sector TRX BCCH f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 MAIO HSN
0001 1 0 2 - -
1 1 19 36 41 0 0
2 0 4 - -
2 1 13 18 21 25 30 42 0 0
2 2 13 18 21 25 30 42 1 0
2 3 13 18 21 25 30 42 2 0
3 0 9 - -
3 1 15 23 27 32 0 0
3 2 15 23 27 32 1 0
0002 1 0 12 - -
1 1 22 26 34 40 0 0
1 2 22 26 34 40 1 0
2 0 8 - -
2 1 16 19 28 0 0
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Frequency Planning
Strategies Cyclic Hopping - Random Hopping
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2
F

r

e

q

u

e

n

c

y

TDMA frame
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
8 Principle of Cyclic Hopping
Optimum frequency Diversity
Sufficient Interference diversity
by avoiding frequency groups
No Interference diversity using
frequency groups
Random hopping sequence {... f1, f4, f2, f0, f0, f3, f0, f1, f2, f4, ...}, MAIO 0
Random hopping sequence {... f3, f1, f4, f2, f2, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ...}, MAIO 2
F

r

e

q

u

e

n

c

y

TDMA frame
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
8 Principle of Random Hopping
Optimum interference diversity
Less frequency diversity
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Frequency Planning
Planning of Anchor Frequencies
8 Each TRX must be assigned with a fixed frequency which
belongs to the hopping frequency group of this TRX
8 In case of disabling FH the TRX transmit the anchor frequency
8 Tool Supported Planning of anchor frequencies
2 - 5 - 8 - 11 - 14 - 17
Example Frequency group 1x3 reuse:
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
TRX0
TRX1
BCCH
TRXFREQ = 18 3 - 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18
TRX0
TRX1
TRX2
TRX3
BCCH
TRXFREQ = 7
TRXFREQ = 13
TRXFREQ = 4
MOBALLOC = 1- 4 -7- 10 - 13 - 16
MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
TRX0
TRX1
BCCH
TRXFREQ = 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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BSS - Database Parameters
for Radio Control Features
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Specification
Name
Object/
Package
DB Name Range Meaning
CA BTS/
PKGBTSB
CALL 0...1023&.
..&
0...1023
Cell Allocation:
list of all frequencies used in this cell except the
BCCH-frequency
HOPP_MODE BTS/
PKGBTSO
HOPMODE BBHOP
SYNHOP
Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer
hopping is used
FH_SYS_NUMBE
R
FHSY FHSY 1...10 Number to identify a frequency hopping system
HSN FHSY HSN 0...63 Hopping sequence number
0: cyclic hopping
1...63: random hopping
MA FHSY MOBALLOC 0...1023&
...&
0...1023
Mobile allocation:
list of frequencies within the FH system
(maximum number of frequencies = 16).
FH_SYSTEM_ID CHAN FHSYID 0...10 Specifies the frequency hopping system (given
by FHSYN) to which a channel shall belong. (0:
no hopping)
MAIO CHAN MAIO 0...63 Mobile allocation index offset: defining the
starting frequency (number in the MA frequency
list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame
number FN, i.e. different channels using the
same FH system shall have different MAIO.
BTS_ISHOPPING BTS/
PKGBTSO
HOPP TRUE
FALSE
Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS
Source: M. Doss, ICN CA CV D 22
Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH (I)
s
Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH(I)
8 Maximum No. Of Hopping Frequencies
Theoretical Limit: 16 Frequencies (BFH)
Practical Limit: 15 Frequencies (SFH)

8 In case of SFH all Time Slots on BCCH TRX
(BCCH TS, SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must
not hop

8 In case of BFH the BCCH TS must not hop
(FHSYID = 0)
s
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
RXLEV
63
U_RXQUAL_XX_
P
0
7
RXQUAL
POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
L_RXLEV_XX_P
U_RXLEV_XX_P
Power Decrease
(good quality)
Power Decrease
(good level)
Power Increase
(bad level)
Power Increase
(bad quality)
Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (I)
s
Specification Name DB Name/Object Range Meaning
MS_TXPWR_MAX MSTXPMAX /
BTSB
2...15
0...15
maximum TXPWR an MS may use in the serving cell
BS_TXPWR_RED PWRRED
/ TRX
0...6 Static reduction of the TRX output power:
BS_TXPWR_MAX = P
BTS
- 2 * PWRRED
POW_INCR_
STEP_SIZE
PWRINCSS
/ PWRC
DB2,DB4,D
B6
Step size for power increase in dB
POW_RED_
STEP_SIZE
PWREDSS
/ PWRC
DB2,DB4 Step size for power reduction in dB
P_CONFIRM PWRCONF
/PWRC
1...31 Maximum interval for waiting for a confirmation of the new transmit
power level. unit: 2 T
SACCH
L_RXLEV_DL_P
L_RXLEV_UL_P
LOWTLEVD
LOWTLEVU
0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase
U_RXLEV_DL_P
U_RXLEV_UL_P
UPTLEVD
UPTLEVU
0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease
L_RXQUAL_DL_P
L_RXQUAL_UL_P
LOWTQUAD
LOWTQUAU
0...7 RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase
U_RXQUAL_DL_P
U_RXQUAL_UL_P
UPTQUAD
UPTQUAU
0...7 RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease
P_CON_INTERVAL PCONINT / PWRC 0...31 Minimum interval between changes of the RF transmit power level
Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (II)
s
Specification Name Object/
Package
DB Name Meaning
DTX indicator uplink BTS/BTSO DTXUL 0: MS may use DTX (if possible)
1: MS shall use DTX
2: MS shall not use DTX
DTX indicator
dow n link
BTS/BTSO DTXDL FALSE: downlink DTX disabled at BTS
TRUE: downlink DTX enabled at BTS
Database Parameters
Administration of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
s
No Frequency Hoppi ng
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0,1 1 10 100
FER@90% [%]
R
X
Q
U
A
L
@
9
0
%
2% FER
Cycl ic FH 2 Frequenci es
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0,1 1 10 100
FER@90% [%]
R
X
Q
U
A
L
@
9
0
%
2% FER
Cyclic FH 4 Frequencies
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0,1 1 10 100
FER@90% [%]
R
X
Q
U
A
L
@
9
0
%
2% FER
Cycl ic FH 8 Frequenci es
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0,1 1 10 100
FER@90% [%]
R
X
Q
U
A
L
@
9
0
%
2% FER
Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH - RxQual
s
Database Parameters
Parameter Settings for Control Loops using RxQual Measurements
Handover: Default Default Default
(No Hopping) SFH (> 8 HF) BFH
HOLTHQUDL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5
HOLTHQUUL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5
HOAVQUAL: 8-2 8-2 8-2

Power Control:
LOWTQUAD: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4
LOWTQUAU: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4
UPTQUAD: 1 1 1
UPTQUAU: 1 1 1
PAVRQUAL 4-1 4-1 4-1
*) as recommended by database planning
s
Database Parameters
Flexible Configuration of different Hopping Modes
8 Flexible configuration of the Hopping Mode for each cell of a
BSC via BSS parameter:
No Hopping
Baseband Hopping
Synthesizer Hopping

8 Configuration of the first SDCCH on the BCCH TRX
mandatory
s
s
Points of Examination
8 Impact of RLC on Network Quality
8 Impact of RLC on Network Capacity
8 Comparison BFH - SFH
8 Comparison SFH Tight Reuse Implementation Cases
8 Optimizing Radio Parameters
(Thresholds for Handover and Power Control)
Field Trials
s
Network Measurements
8 Performance Measurements:
Performance and Quality Indicators
- Dropped Call Rate
- TCH Drop Rate (Loss of Connection, Loss during Handover)
Handover Statistics (Inter, Intra, Causes, Failures)
Uplink Interference Measurements on Idle TCH
SDCCH Performance
8 Test Mobile Measurements:
RxLev, RxQual, FER, SQI (Speech Quality)
8 Tracer Measurements:
- Abis Protocol Analyses
s
Performance Measurements: Quality Indicators
Comparison of Drop Rates: Non Hopping - SFH 1x3 - SHF 1x1
~ 4 % Improvement
~ 14 % Improvement
~ 18 % Improvement
s
Handover Performance (I)
Handover Performance: Inter cell HO - Causes
Percentage
of
Quality HO
increases
Parameter
Optimisation
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
s
Handover Performance (II)
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
No Hopping 34,0% 1,1%
S1 / SFH 1x3 32,9% 3,1%
SFH 1x3 30,4% 0,7%
InterCellHO/TCHAssignm IntraCellHO/TCHAssignm
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
Optimisation of Database
Parameters
Percentage of Intra cell
HO decreased again
UL-PC enabled from the
beginning (incl. No hopping)
s
Handover Performance (III)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Intra Downlink Quality 54% 62% 74%
Intra Uplink Quality 46% 38% 26%
No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
RXQUAL_DL > 5
RXLEV_DL > 35
RXQUAL_UL > 5
RXLEV_UL > 31
s
Rate of idle traffic channels per interference band
96.3%
98.7%
98.9%
98.9%
99.3%
1.9%
1.2%
1.1%
1.1%
0.7%
0.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
94.0% 95.0% 96.0% 97.0% 98.0% 99.0% 100.0% 101.0%
Non Hopping
BFH
SFH
SFH + PC
SFH + PC + DTX
Interference Band 1 Interference Band 2 Interference Band 3 Interference Band 4 Interference Band 5
Optimisations Aspects
Influence of RLC Features on Idle Traffic Channel Measurements
Less percentage of
measurements in
higher bands
Reduction of
Interference
s
Implementation of PC & DTX in SFH 1x1
Handover Performance - Influence of PC & DTX
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Uplink Quality (Per) 14% 23%
Downlink Quality (Per) 20% 16%
Uplink Strengh (Per) 8% 7%
Downlink Strength (Per) 7% 6%
Distance (Per) 0% 0%
Better Cell (Per) 49% 47%
Direct Retry (Per) 2% 1%
SFH 1x1 PC, DTX SFH 1x1
Increase of no. of
uplink quality
handovers
Decrease of no. of
downlink quality
handovers
Power Control was
enabled in Downlink
additionally
Reduction of
Downlink Quality HO
s
Influence of Cell Synchronisation
0,00%
0,20%
0,40%
0,60%
0,80%
1,00%
1,20%
Synchronized cells 1,08 %
Change of HSN 1,07 %
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x3
1,00 %
1,09 %
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x1
Results of Changing HSN - 1x3 and 1x1 in Reference Cells
Different HSN within
one site
No Synchronisation
between the cells
Synchronization
No Synchr. No Synchr.
HSN = a HSN = a
HSN = b
s
SFH 1x1: Reduction of frequencies
0,0%
1,0%
2,0%
3,0%
4,0%
5,0%
PC, DTX SFH 1x1 4,7% 1,22%
Carr_Red 3Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,16%
Carr_Red 6Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,21%
Dropped Call Rate TCH Drop Rate
Reduction of 3
Frequencies
Reduction of 6
Frequencies
Reduction of Frequencies
s
Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (I)
FER (full) Samples Percent.
Samples
Perc. Sampl
Cumul.
Total FER Rate
0% 22883 97,08% 97,08% 0,00%
4% 407 1,73% 98,81% 0,07%
8% 87 0,37% 99,18% 0,10%
12% 26 0,11% 99,29% 0,11%
16% 34 0,14% 99,43% 0,14%
20% 46 0,20% 99,63% 0,17%
24% 16 0,07% 99,69% 0,19%
28% 13 0,06% 99,75% 0,21%
32% 10 0,04% 99,79% 0,22%
36% 6 0,03% 99,82% 0,23%
40% 19 0,08% 99,90% 0,26%
44% 6 0,03% 99,92% 0,27%
48% 6 0,03% 99,95% 0,28%
60% 6 0,03% 99,97% 0,30%
88% 6 0,03% 100,00% 0,32%
23571 100% 0,32%
T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

S T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

-

T

T

T

S

Traffic Channel (TCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
26 frames = 120 ms
Measurement Mobile
reports FER values each
SACCH frame
FER can only evaluated
in steps of 4 %
s
Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (II)
Detailed Evaluation of Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH :
Hopping Gain can be seen in RxQual- and FER Distribution
RxQual values of Hopping samples are worse but FER values are better.
Better FER samples on the hopping carriers.
FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4)
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
0 4 8 12 16 20 > 20
FER [%]
No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH1x3 Hopping TCH1x1
RxQual Distribution (RxLev >10 & RxQaul >4)
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
5 6 7
RxQual
No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH1x3 Hopping TCH1x1
s
Influence of Power Control on RxLev , RxQual Distribution
s
Measuring FH improvements in the Field
8 Call drop rates cannot show full FH gains, since SACCH performance is
not strongly related to FH
8 RXQUAL statistics for both uplink and downlink get worse with FH and
need to be interpreted -> required RXQUAL
8 Currently no vendor supports speech quality related FER
measurements in the BSS
- for downlink, no MS reporting is standardised
- for uplink, BS vendor specific implementations are feasible
8 TEMS drive/walk test can show FH improvement on downlink speech
quality
8 BR6.0 will have measured FER statistics for the uplink and estimated
FER statistics for the downlink
s
Summary
s
Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (I)
8 The benefits of Frequency Hopping have been successfully
verified in Field Trials by using different implementation
alternatives (BFH, SFH, loose reuse, tight reuse)
8 Measurements showed improvements of Quality and Capacity
(reduction of frequencies).
Quality Feature
Capacity Feature
8 Using FH in real networks provides measures to enhance the
reuse (overall reuse including BCCH frequencies of better than 9
maintaining speech quality at the same time)
s
Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (II)
8 It is recommended to implement BFH as a basic feature.
BFH allows for narrow band combining (e.g. filter combiners) with low insertion loss
useful in noise limited scenarios

8 It is recommended to use SFH in mature high capacity networks
SFH requires wide band combining (e.g. hybrid combiners)
recommended for interference limited scenarios

8 Implementation of Features does not replace quality and
capacity improvements to be achieved via maintenance and
network optimisation activities !
s
Summary
Siemens Reference Networks: Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
7 China
7 Croatia
7 Czech Rep.
7 Germany
7 Kuwait
7 RSA
7 Syria
7 Taiwan
7 Thailand
7 USA
Siemens SFH
Networks in
High capacity configurations:
Network with site configurations up to 4/6/4:
4/4/4, 4/5/4, 4/6/4
Cells are significantly loaded with traffic
Call Drop Rate less than 2 %
TCH Drop Rate better than 2% (in selected cases
better than 1%)
Achievable quality in the networks depends on
coverage situation
available spectrum
Traffic load and traffic distribution
homogeneity of the network and topography
of the landscape
s
Summary
Additional Information
8 SIEMENS Technical Descriptions Base Station System
(TED-BSS BR.xx)

8 PLMN SBS Radio Network Parameters (SIEMENS ICN
Training Institute)

8 PLMN SBS Performance Measurements (SIEMENS ICN
Training Institute)

8 ETSI GSM Recommendation GSM 05.05, 05.08 and 04.08

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