Research Methodology

Introduction

Research
The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search. re is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again. search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe.

Research
Research refers to search for knowledge and art of scientific investigation. Research means describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable. Research is an original contribution to existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
Controlled- The concept of control implies that, in exploring causality in relation to two variables (factors), you set up your study in a way that minimizes the effects of other factors affecting the relationship. Rigorous - you must be careful in ensuring that the procedures followed to find answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified. Systematic- this implies that the procedure adopted to undertake an investigation follow a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a random way. Some procedures must follow others.

Valid and verifiable- this concept implies that whatever you conclude on the basis of your findings is correct and can be verified by you and others. Empirical -this means that any conclusion drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experiences or observations. Critical- critical study of the procedures used and the methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The process of investigation must be foolproof and free from drawbacks.

Types of research

Descriptive Analytical Applied Fundamental Quantitative Qualitative Conceptual Empirical

Descriptive
This research includes surveys and fact finding enquiries

of different kind. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Descriptive research is to identify the cause of something that is happening. For instance, this research could be used in order to find out what age group is buying a particular brand of cola.

Analytical
In this research the researcher has to use facts or

information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

Applied Research
Applied research aims at finding the solution for an

immediate problem facing a society or an industrial organization. the research conducted to solve specific problems or to answer specific questions. Refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies. For example: What drug can be developed to help cure cancer of the skin?

Fundamental
This research is mainly concerned with generalizations

and formulation of a theory. fundamental research (sometimes pure research) is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles. Gathering knowledge for knowledge's sake is termed pure or basic research. it is the basis for many commercial products and applied research. Examples: research relating to some natural phenomenon or related to pure mathematics or research studies, concerning human behavior.

Quantitative
This is based on measurement of quantity or amount. Quantitative research is generally made using scientific

methods, which can include: The generation of models, theories and hypothesis The development of instruments and methods for measurement Experimental control and manipulation of variables Collection of empirical data Modeling and analysis of data Evaluation of results

Qualitative
Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative

phenomenon i.e.. Phenomenon related to quality. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Qualitative research is used to gain insight into people's attitudes, behaviors, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspirations, culture or lifestyles.

Empirical
It relies on experience or observation alone.

It is data based research, coming up with conclusions

which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. Empirical research that bases its findings on direct or indirect observation as its test of reality.

Conceptual
This research is related to some abstract ideas or theory.
It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers

to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

Significance of research
It provides the basis for all government policies in our economic system. In solving various operational and planning problems. Operation research Market research Motivational research It is important for social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking answer to various social problems.

Helps PhD students for making their career. For professionals it may a source of livelihood etc.

Role Play for Research Team

You are the research team of a flourishing shampoo brand in metros. Your manager wants to extend it to rural areas. He has 2 alternatives: i) Launch line extensions of current shampoo brand (a variant with the same brand name) ii) Re-position your brand Each alternative has its pluses and minuses. How will your team go about this research to aid the manager?