DENTAL AGE ESTIMATION

Current dental age estimation techniques are based on age-related changes in teeth that can generally be divided into three categories with subcategories: 1. Formation and growth of teeth Progressive changes in forming and developing teeth 2. Post-formation changes in teeth Gross anatomical changes in teeth Historical changes in teeth 3. Biochemical changes in teeth

POST- FORMATION CHANGES IN TEETH AND THE GROSS CHANGES IN TEETH AFTER ERUPTION The techniques that look at gross changes in the teeth after eruption are appropriately most often use to estimate age in adults. These methods examine one or a combination of following features: Incisal or occlusal attrition Periodontal status Apical or root resorption Ratio of pulp size to tooth size Dentin color Secondary dentin apposition Cementum apposition Dentin transparency

HISTORICAL CHANGES IN TEETH Three historical features are included in Gustafsons 1950 Progressive increase in the transparency of dentin Secondary dentin formation Apposition of Cementum BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN TEETH Amino Acid Racemization.

Occupational situations affecting the teeth

OCCUPATION Miners Cement and sand workers Grinders Stone cutters Saw mill workers Flour mill workers Sugar refiners Bakers Candy makers Metal workers: Copper Nickel Iron Tin Chemical workers: Citric acid, tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, other acids DENTAL APPEARANCE General abrasion CAUSE Abrasive dust formation collection on the occlusal surfaces on the teeth

Caries on the labial and buccal Sugar dust deposit, and surfaces of the teeth. stagnates, on the labial surfaces of the teeth. Green staining of dentition Green staining of dentition Fine black lines on teeth Yellow staining of the teeth Smooth polished eroded surfaces Inhalation of dust Inhalation of metal fumes leads to deposition of tin sulfide. Decalcification of enamel and dentine, due to exposure to fumes. Main effect to labial surfaces. Mastication and tooth brushing lead to loss of tooth substance.

Occupational situations affecting the teeth

Superphosphate industry Fluorosis production of phosphorus and hydrogen peroxide factory workers Fluorine compounds used in this industry have a direct effect on ameloblasts, especially on younger workers Yellow, gold-brown staining of Cadmium exposure causes labial surfaces of teeth and the extrinsic while the battery erosion of incisor acids are responsible for the erosion. Abrasion single of multiple Holding nails, takes, needles, groves found on incisors etc, between their teeth.

Shoe makers Upholsterers Glass bowers Dress designers Seamstresses, Electricians Wine tasters

Erosion, mainly on the Wine tasting on a daily basis labiocervical surfaces on with at least 20 wines tasted maxillary incisors and per day. Wine pH varies from canines 3.0 to 3.6 typically.

The effect of medical conditions and drugs on the dentition

MEDICAL CONDITION Conditions and diseases Hiatal hernia Gastric ulcers Gasroesophageal reflux Disease (GERD) Anorexia nervosa Anorexia athletica Bulimia nervosa Neonatal jaundice APPEARANCE Marked erosion of the palatal surfaces of the maxillary incisors and premolars CAUSE Regurgitation or vomiting of gastric contents. Gastric acid has s pH below 3

As above
Green to yellowish- brown discoloration of the teeth Enamel hypoplasia may also occur Affected teeth show a pinkbrown discoloration that fluoresces red under UV light

Induced vomiting of stomach contents

Most frequently associated with rhesus incompatibility

Congenital porphyria

Autosomal recessive inheritance. Circulating porphyrins in the blood are deposited in the dental hard tissues.

The effect of medical conditions and drugs on the dentition

Congenital syphilis Drugs used in treatments Iron supplements Black staining of teeth Surface deposition following oral courses Precipitation of dietary chromogenes Systemic administration during the period of tooth development. Deposition occurs in dentine along incremental growth lines Hutchinsons incisors and Mulberry molars- distinctive shaped teeth. Transmission of Treponema pallidum from infected mother

Minoycline Chlorhexidine Tetracycline

Brown/black staining
Yellow/brown bands becoming darker following exposure to light