Amrita Kar

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Table of Contents
Introduction
Why mobile computing?
Mobile Computing Device
Portability Issues
Wireless Localisation
Issues
Prototype of HAWK
Example Flight/Experiment
Future Aspects
Conclusion
Introduction:-
Mobile Computing
is a term used to
describe technologies
that enable people
to access network
services anyplace,
anytime, and anywhere.
Why Mobile Computing ?
Devices are mobile
People are mobile
Mobile Computing = Mobile (Moving)+Computing ( using
computer)

Today, technological advances are
shaping a new computing
environment where the user is
free from the need to work at a
specific location, and is even
enabled to work while on the
move.
This new paradigm is often called
MOBILE COMPUTING.


Mobile Computing devices:-

Laptop
Palm-top



GPS
Mobile
phone
Modem
Laptop
Palm-top
Global positioning
system
Mobile phone
Mobile Computing:-
Tablet PC
Laptop Computer

Mp3 Players
Portable TV
Wireless mobile Computing
Cellular phone
Wireless Tablet PC
Wireless Laptops
Smartphone
Desktop Computer
Landline Phone
Cable Television
Free-to-air television
Commercial Radio
Mobile
Fixed
Wired Wireless
Networks
C
o
m
m
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n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

d
e
v
i
c
e
s

BATTERIES- power source
Weight, volume determine lifetime
Power consumption: CV2
Other Battery
types:
Lead Acid
Nickel Zinc
Rechargeable
Alkaline
Manganese
Zinc Air
L
i
g
h
t
e
r

Smaller
Wireless Localization
Infrastructure:
GPS Constellation
Target:
smartphone
Infrastructure:
WiFi Access Points
Self-positioning: target calculates its own position
Infrastructure positioning: the infrastructure calculates
the targets position
Third party wireless localization of target
Third Party Localization
Localization via received signal strength (RSS)
Broad applications in public safety, cyber forensics, network
management

Problem Definition and Basic Idea
Problem Definition: How to
locate a wireless target device
by HAWK


Basic idea: Use the location
where HAWK senses the
strongest signal strength
sending from target device as
the location of the target
Issues
1. What is the flight route for the helicopter?

2. How to ensure a target will be detected?

3. How to implement reliable waypoints?

4. What is target location?
1. What is the flight route for the helicopter?


Reasons:
It is a space-filling curve
A level n Moore curve
covers all unit squares
with the shortest distance
It begins and ends at the
same point
Moore space filling curve can be used as a flight route
Proper level: flight speed v,
square side width d,
transmission radius R and
transmission interval t
Principle 1: During the flight in a unit square, HAWK senses at
least one packet from target in that unit square
Principle 2: To save battery power, a proper level of Moore
curve is critical while satisfying Principle 1
2
2 2
2
n
n
d
R
d
vt

<

>

(1)
2. How to ensure a target will be detected?
0
( ) ( )
t
p i
u k e t k e t dt =
}
Moore curve is a direct application of the waypoints
functionality
Factors such as wind may affect helicopters movement during
flight
Three parameters of the mini helicopter, pitch, roll, and yaw
can be adjusted
PI-control law is written as:




Proportional Integral
3. How to implement reliable waypoints?
(2)
We use the location where
the strongest RSS is sensed as
the target devices location

A target device may be
located in the unit square
where the strongest RSS from
the target is sensed or one of
its eight surrounding unit
squares
4. What is target location?
Prototype of HAWK
Helicopter: Draganflyer X6 with GPS
Wireless sniffer: Nokia N900
Handheld controller: emergency controller
Software controller on a laptop: control takeoff and flight and receive
telemetry including GPS from helicopter
Locator on the laptop: show route on Google map in real time, and
download data from N900 for location calculation

Software
controller on
laptop
Manual
controller
Example Flight
Mini helicopter, with
sniffer, flied over
buildings

Sniffer ran Kismet

HAWK identified Access
Points

Google Map showed
flight route and APs
locations
Real World Experiments
Experiments to locate 12
smart phones on track field
One Nokia N900 with Kismet
Warwalking on the tracks and three
different flight routes
Result:
Five meters localization
accuracy on average for a
level 3 Moore curve
Comparison of localization strategy for accuracy
Related Work
Disadvantages of W.A.S.P (Wi-Fi Aerial Surveillance Platform):
A mini airplane that has to fly
at a relatively high speed in
order to float in the air
Limited localization and
surveillance capability
because W.A.S.P cannot
satisfy Formula (1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Relatively low cost when
compared to air operations
using a full sized manned
helicopter.
Small in size so cannot be
easily noticed
Easy to fly and maintain
Wide range application
Durable and safe
Incredible Aerial Photos and
Videos

Disadvatages
Battery life of 15 minutes
flight.
Raw images which are of
large file size. Raw images
are typically 6 times larger
than an equivalent JPEG
which reduces the no of pic
that can be stored in one
memory card.
Future Aspects
Can be used for detecting terrorist hiding
spots.

Can be used by police department to detect
theft cars and its location

Can be used to track your friends in a specific
geographic location area.
Conclusion
Developed a fully functional Mini Helicopter-based Aerial
Wireless Kit (HAWK)
Proposed a suite of theories for HAWK conducting accurate
localization
Moore curve based flight route, considering flight
velocity, target transmission interval and target
transmission range
Customized PI control laws for reliable navigation
Conducted extensive real-world experiments to validate the
feasibility of HAWK for localization
References
For the video of the HAWK in action :-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ju86xnHbEq0.
Draganfly Innovations, Innovative UAV Aircraft and Aerial Video Systems,
http://www.draganfly.com, 2010 .
http://www.draganfly.com/uav-helicopter/draganflyer-x6a/
http://www.draganfly.com/news/2009/10/
Nokia N900, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_N900.
IEEE transaction on mobile computing
http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/transactions/tmc/pdfs/ttm
2014020287.pdf
Mobile Computing, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing
Kismet, http://www.kismetwireless.net/, 2011