Evolution

Objectives
Define the concept of speciation and explain the mechanism of speciation.

Describe the contributions that have changed evolutionary theory.

Analyze evolutionary mechanisms (eg. Natural selection, genetic drift, genetic variation and artificial selection) and their effects on biodiversity and extinction. Explain the process of adaptation of individual species to their environment Outline evidence and arguments pertaining to the origin, development and diversity of living organisms

Evolution
Evolution is

Evolution
Evolution is a continuing process that explains the diversity of life as well as the unity of life Aerobic respiration of many species for energy Why do all birds have wings? Why
Shared ancestry is one way to explain the similarities And the differences is how we explain

Evolution
M includes speciation and extinction M involves gene (allele) changes in populations

 Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1831. He was the ships Darwin kept detailed notes of each species he

Charles Darwin

See figure 15-1

Charles Darwin
When he left port, his Botany professor, gave Darwin the first volume of Charles Lyell was a student of which states that gradual uniform repetitive changes shape the earth (ex. Surf on sand, wind erosion)

Charles Darwin
How this influenced Darwin:
If the Earth changed over time,

If the changes are gradual, then life on earth (and the earth itself) is very,

Charles Darwin
When back, he read an essay by which stated that food availability, disease and war limit the size of a human population
Therefore, this would apply to other species Maple tree produce thousands of seeds,

Charles Darwins Conclusions

One of Darwins most important insights was that members of a species vary from each other
And these variations are important!

Charles Darwins Conclusions

His next insight was that competition causes a struggle for existence Good gave an individual a better chance of surviving and reproducing (fitness) -

Charles Darwins Conclusions

Mutations give rise to different traits Some of these mutation give a competitive advantage to the individual (increase their fitness) Galapagos finches
See figure 16-13

Charles Darwins Conclusions

His conclusion was natural selection. Natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population Natural selection is

Charles Darwins Conclusions

Natural selection does not lead to perfection but reflects adaptation to

Evidence of Evolution
F
Entombed animals or imprints of animals from long ago We can look at the soil (in layers) and see

Evidence of Evolution
Fossils Fossils are used to document changes in a species
Hind limbs in whales

See figure 15-13

Evidence of Evolution
Biogeography
Distribution of species gives support to a common ancestor
Marsupials are localized in Australia

See figure 15-14 on page A103

Evidence of Evolution
Comparative anatomy
Comparison of body structures in different species
Birds and bats have wings, but bird wings are more similar to each other then they are to bat wings

Evidence of Evolution
Comparative anatomy H features that have different functions but similar structure Fore limbs in animals and birds have the same bone structure Strong evidence that all

See figure 15-15

Evidence of Evolution
Comparative anatomy
Vestigial organs organs that are not useful anymore and reduced in size Body

See figure 15-16

Evidence of Evolution
Comparative embryology
At early stages in development,
See figure 15-17

Evidence of Evolution
Molecular biology
Similarity in DNA indicates a common ancestor
97%

Microevolution
Individuals dont evolve, populations do Evolution starts with a change in the gene pool and then sexual reproduction spreads that change around
See figure 16-2 and 16-5

Genetic Equilibrium
Allele frequencies will stay stable unless the population is evolving. We use the to describe the highly unlike event of a population that does not evolve For the equation to be valid:
T Mating must be random N Natural selection cannot happen N

Conditions that cause evolutionary change

Mutations N Migration G Natural selection

Nonrandom mating
Random mating only occurs if the population is large Random mating means

Finches on an island (isolated) must breed amongst themselves

Nonrandom mating
Sexual selection contributes to lack of random mating Female tend to pick males based on signs of health or vigor (in the hopes that this gives them healthy offspring) P

Migration (gene flow)

Is the movement of alleles into and out of a population Once you leave,

When you enter, you bring your unique alleles with you (Alexander the great brought the gene for green eyes to India)

Genetic Drift
Is the that occurs when a small group is considered separate from the larger
Since these individuals tend to mate amongst themselves, you amplify some traits and decrease others

Genetic Drift
Causes of genetic drift
homes when a small group finds new

Mutation
Mutations
They help increase the variability of the species
Ex. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria

Bad mutations are generally selected out of the population Good mutations

Natural selection
Only works on phenotypes ( ) Heterozygous individuals can hide recessive genes (carriers) Directional selection selects against one phenotype , allowing another to become more popular

Natural selection
Disruptive selection

Ex. Marine snails white snails live on tan rocks with barnacles and tan snails live on bare rocks. Those that are not white or tan, stand out and are usually eaten by predators

Natural selection
Stabilizing selection

Ex. Babies over 10 or under 5 pds are less likely to survive

Macroevolution Speciation
Is the formation of new species Evidence for speciation is in the

Macroevolutio n Speciation
Occurs when populations of species become each other thus developing different gene pools and so from That is to say two species have been separated or isolated from each other for so long that they can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring thus they become species. G a geologic event or structure physically separates a population into two groups Squirrels across grand canyon

Macroevolutio n Speciation
B - Two similar species that share a common living space and are capable of breeding but do not because of different mating rituals. Temporal Isolation -

Macroevolutio n Extinction
Is the disappearance of a Decreases in genetic diversity lead to extinction New pathogen can level a field of genetically similar Decreases in population size lead to genetic uniformity ( L

Macroevolutio n Extinction
Two types of extinction:
Mass extinction results from a global change
Dinosaurs comet H

Reading
Chapter 15
Page A89-A106

Chapter 16
Page A112 A129

Chapter 17
Page A155-160
Remember: Test 1, 2 and Quiz 1 made up 60% of your final mark. Quiz 2 and Test 3 make up the last 40% of your final mark. Study hard!!

Homework
Chapter 15
Page A109 MC #1,2,4,6-10
SA #14,16,18,19,25

Chapter 16
Page A133 #1-6,8,9,10,
SA#12,16,18,19,20,21

Chapter 17
Page A163 #10,25