Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Group members
Anum Yousuf Khan
Arooj Fatima Fatima Khalid
Hiba Mujeeb
Imtisal-e-Noor Rida Altaf Syed Shahrukh Madni Taibah Jaffery
Introduction
This presentation elaborates upon some
nonconventional methods of gas liquefaction. The most widely used methods are applications of Lindes and Claudes cycle, however over time various variations have brought about improvements in yield and efficiency.
Introduction
Thermoacoustic liquefiers convert gas to liquid using sound waves.
This process relies on Thermoacoustic heat
Components
A Thermoacoustic liquefier consists of
three heat exchangers a pulse tube refrigerator arranged in a network of piping
The only moving part is the helium in the pipes and the only energy expended is the input heat
provided.
Working
In the engine, one heat exchanger is heated to roughly 700C (1300F), a second heat exchanger is held at ambient temperature, and a third, between the other two, is thermally floating.
The input heat sets up a temperature gradient across the heat exchangers, which produces an oscillating pressure wave in the helium gas. This oscillating wave drives the pulse tube refrigerator producing refrigeration power at cryogenic temperatures
Applications
Currently, it is only being used for natural gas
liquefaction. But it has the scope for being used for the liquefaction of system gases in the industry. It can also be used for mobile liquefaction facilities for offshore oil rigs.
By Hiba Mujeeb
on thermo-siphon method. a method of passive heat exchange based on natural convection, which circulates liquid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.
Magnetic refrigeration
This method makes use of the magneto caloric effect.
This effect causes magnetic materials:
An efficient method
Process
Advantages
It was found that the condensation efficiency
25.3 W
By Arooj Fatima
gases to liquefy because the maximum inversion temperature for helium is only (-229C). Before the Collins Helium Cryostat, every lowtemperature laboratory had to build its own lowtemperature apparatus using liquid hydrogen, a devious and dangerous material. Because every device was unique and expensive, there were only a few cryogenic laboratories throughout the world
Introduction
In 1946, Dr. Collins and his colleagues at MIT built
what became know as the Collins Helium Cryostat. This was a modification of the basic Claude liquefier. The device provided for the first time reliable, relatively in expensive and adequate supplies of liquid helium. This makes it possible to produce liquid helium without the aid of external coolants. Professor Collins' achievement revolutionized cryogenics. Its commercial introduction made helium liquefaction accessible and economic.
Process
Helium gas is compressed to 1275 kPa and passed through
the first heat exchanger. After leaving the first heat exchanger, a portion (about 16%) of the stream is bypassed through the first expander. The gas temperature at the expander inlet is between (248 to 229C). The remainder of the helium gas flows through the second heat exchanger, and leaves the exchanger at about ( 252C). A fraction (about 56%) of this stream is by passed through a second expander after the helium has passed through a third exchanger
through two more exchangers and expands through the J-T valve, in which a portion of the stream is liquefied. The vapor formed is returned to provide cooling for the incoming gas stream. Liquid nitrogen pre-cooling is usually used to improve the liquid yield and offset some of the heat exchangers inefficiencies.
By Imtisal-e-Noor
Introduction
Process is developed by IFP and Axens.
Uses simple and reliable technologies. Easy to operate .
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Pre refrigeration cycle. Pre-refrigeration achieved by using a mixed
refrigerant. The temperature is decreased down to a range of -50C to-80C. Mixed refrigerant completely condensed, no phase separation is necessary moreover the quantity of cryogenic refrigerant is substantially reduced As the result, the overall required power is decreased.
Significant Advantage
The possibility to use directly the full power provided
by the selected drivers For example, Liquefin can adapt to a half/half power balance between the two cycles for two identical gas turbines, But also to a one-third/two third power balance in case of three identical gas turbines.
Liquid turbines
Reduction of air condenser size
By Fatima Khalid
Mechanism of Method
Compression in compression pump
Cooling in coils Collected after passing through nozzle
Claudes Process
Kapitzas method is a modification of the Claudes
Process.
By Taibah Jaffery
supersonic nozzle
Working
Reduction of stream static pressure and temperature by adiabatic gas expansion to supersonic velocity Laval nozzle accelerates the gas to supersonic speed by forming subsonic, critical and supersonic zones Condensation of gas with formation of droplets
occurs due to the resulting cryogenic temperature Further condensation in working section having a wall Centrifugal effects of swirl velocity separate droplets from the unliquefied gas Inlet diameter > 5(throat dia) Convergent section length >= throat diameter
Design
means Subsonic diffuser or the combination of a supersonic and the subsonic diffuser
By Anum Khan
temperature range such as ambient to cryogenic provide a less complicated multiple circuit arrangement whereby industrial gas may undergo large temperature changes operates with a relatively lower power input requirement than available multiple refridgeration circuits
How it works?
Compressing, followed by condensing a gaseous azeotropic mixture
Expanding a first portion of the condensed azeotropic mixture to generate refrigeration, and vaporizing it Sub cooling a second portion of the condensed azeotropic mixture and expanding the subcooled azeotropic mixture second portion to generate high level refrigeration.
azeotropic mixture second portion Expanding the cooled compressed refrigerant fluid to generate low level refrigeration Warming the low level refrigeration bearing refrigerant fluid
By Rida Altaf
The natural gas flowing in through line 1 is cooled, then expanded in turbine T1. The liquid at the bottom of drum D2 is the liquefied natural gas. The gas at the top of drum D2 is compressed by compressor K1, then fed into the treating plant using a Fischer-Tropsch process to convert the natural gas to natural gas liquid.
Process Steps
Distillation
Liquefaction Expanding
Compressing
Expansion Conversion by fisher tropsch process
The FischerTropsch process, or FischerTropsch synthesis, is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.
operation. Typically the industrial gas is liquefied by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant. Such a system, while working well for providing refrigeration over a relatively small temperature range from ambient, is not as efficient when refrigeration over a large temperature range, such as from ambient to a cryogenic temperature, is required.
Conclusion
Basically the following factors determine which
method is suitable:
specific conditions economic situation space limitations degree of performance required