BIOMEDIC II SYSTEM GASTROENTERO HEPATHOLOGY

D E P. O F B I O C H E M I S T R Y F A C U LT Y O F M E D I C I N E H A S A N U D D I N U N I V E R S I T Y
R O S D I A N A N AT Z I R

BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE
Undernutrition Ulcer ----> gastric acids Gallstones----> cholesterol

Lactose intolerance ------> lactase enzyme

Etc.

DIET
FAT PROTEIN

CARBOHYDRATE
NUCLEIC ACIDS VITAMIN

MINERALS
WATER.

DIGESTION ABSORPTION

Digestion, Absorption, Transport

Digestion

Breakdown of food molecules for absorption into circulation

Mechanical: breaks large food particles to small Chemical: breaking of covalent bonds by digestive enzymes

Absorption and transport

Molecules are moved out of digestive tract and into circulation for distribution throughout body

Carbohydrate - polysaccharide
Polysaccharide -----> oligosaccharide -------> Disaccharide------> monosaccharide.

Monosaccharide : Glucose Galactose Maltose Isomaltose Trehalose.

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

LIPIDS :
Fats Oils Phospholipids Sterols

FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS:
Major components of cell membranes. Required to solubilise fat soluble

vitamins Biosynthetic precursors (e.g. steroid hormones from cholesterol) Protection (e.g. kidneys are shielded with fat in fed state) Insulation

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS:

1) Stomach - lingual lipase and gastric lipase attack

triacylglycerols and hydrolyse a limited number of FA.

2) Small Intestine - acid chyme (stomach contents)

stimulates mucosa cells to release choleocystokinin which stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to release bile.

 . (bile acids help emulsify fat droplets thus increasing their surface area) and digestive enzymes respectively.
Other mucosa cells release secretin which causes pancreas to release bicarbonate rich fluid to neutralise chyme.

ACTION OF BILE SALTS

ACTION OF PANCREATIC LIPASE

Transport of lipid

Pancreatic Secretions: Pancreatic Juice

Aqueous. ; Produced by columnar epithelium lining smaller ducts.; Na+, K+, HCO3-, water. ;Bicarbonate ; lowers pH inhibiting pepsin and providing proper pH for enzymes.

Enzymatic portion:

Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipases Deoxyribonucleases ribonucleases

 Interaction of duodenal and pancreatic enzymes.

Enterokinase

from the duodenal mucosa and attached to the brush border activates trypsinogen to trypsin. activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin. activates procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase.

Trypsin

Trypsin

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase digest proteins: proteolytic. Pancreatic amylase continues digestion of starch. Pancreatic lipase digests lipids Deoxyribonucleases and ribonucleases digest DNA and ribonucleic acid, respectively

All lipids carried in the blood are done so in combination with protein to make them soluble in plasma. :
Cholesterol: 15% ingested; 85% manufactured in

liver and intestinal mucosa Lipids are lower density than water; proteins are higher density than water Chylomicrons: 99% lipid and 1% protein (extremely low density); enter lymph

Cont..
VLDL: 92% lipid, 8% protein

Form in which lipids leave the liver Triglycerides removed from VLDL and stored in adipose cells. Transports cholesterol to cells Cells have LDL receptors. Transports excess cholesterol from cells to liver.

LDL: 75% lipid, 25% protein

HDL: 55% lipid, 45% protein

Amino Acid Transport

Chemical Digestion: Nucleic Acids

Absorption: active transport via membrane

carriers Absorbed in villi and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein Enzymes used: pancreatic ribonucleases and deoxyribonuclease in the small intestines

Electrolyte Absorption
Most ions are actively absorbed along the

length of small intestine

Na+ is coupled with absorption of glucose and amino acids Ionic iron is transported into mucosal cells where it binds to ferritin
Anions passively follow the electrical

potential established by Na+ K+ diffuses across the intestinal mucosa in response to osmotic gradients Ca2+ absorption:
Is related to blood levels of ionic calcium Is regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Water and Ions