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INTRODUCITON TO GPS

SUDIP SHRESHTA

What is GPS?
The Global Positioning System is a satellite based navigation system that sends

and receives radio signals.


GPS is the shortened form of NAVSTAR GPS. This is an acronym for NAVigation System with Time And Raning.

Global Positioning System Originally developed for military use.


A world wide radio-navigation system use satellites as reference points to calculate positions

Current GPS Systems


GPS (USA) Global Positioning System GLONASS (Russia) Global Navigation Satellite System Galileo (Europe, China and India) Compass Navigation Satellite System (china) Europes EGNOD (Euro Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) Japans MSAS (Multi Functional Satellite Augmentation System)

Why GPS?
Finding out where you are and where youre going. Positioning is crucial in handling geographical data A world wide system for positioning

The History of GPS


Feasibility studies begun in 1960s. Pentagon appropriates funding in 1973. First satellite launched in 1978. System declared fully operational in April, 1995. NAVSTAR
USA Russians

GLONASS Galileo
Europeans

The System Overview


The Global Positioning System comprises three segments The space segment (all functional satellites) Consist 24 satellite orbiting the earth 6 orbits at approximately 202000km The space segment is designed that there will be minimum 4 satellites visible above a 150 cut off angle at any point of earths Surface Each GPS satellite has several very accurate atomic clocks on board The clocks operate at a fundamental frequency of 10.23MHZ

The System Overview Contd..

The System Overview Contd..


Control segment (all ground station involved in the monitoring system,

master control station, monitor stations and ground control station)


The control Segment consists of one master control station 5 monitor stations and 4 ground antennas.

The control segment tracks the GPS satellites, updates their orbiting
position and calibrates and synchronises their clock It determine its path of each satellite and predict its path for

following 24 hours
Master control station State of Colorado.

The System Overview Contd..


US Space Command

Cape Canaveral Hawaii Kwajalein Atoll Ascension Is. Diego Garcia

Master Control Station

Monitor Station

Ground Antenna

The System Overview Contd..


Control segment User segment

The System Overview Contd..


The user segment (all civil and military GPS users) The user segment comprises a=of anyone using GPS receiver to receive the GPS signal and determine their position and or time. Typical application with in the User Segment is Military. Search and rescue. Disaster relief. Surveying. Marine, aeronautical and terrestrial navigation. Remote controlled vehicle and robot guidance. Satellite positioning and tracking. Shipping. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Recreation.

The System Overview Contd..

How GPS works?


The basis for GPS is resection from satellites For resection a GPS receiver calculates distance to satellites using travel time of radio signals To measure travel time, GPS needs exact timing Along with distance you need to know the satellite position For accurate positioning you must correct for errors

Errors in GPS
GPS has been assumed that the position derived from GPS is very accurate and free of errors but there are several sources of error that degrade the GPS position from the theoretical few meters to tens of meters. Theses error sources are Ionospheric and atmospheric delays Satellite and receiver clock errors Multi path Dilution of Precision Selective Availability Anti Spoofing

Sources of Signal Interference

Earths Atmosphere

Solid Structures

Metal

Electro-magnetic Fields

Dilution Of Precision

Minimum Satellite Coverage Poor Satellite Distribution

Higher DOP Lower Precision

Dilution Of Precision

Minimum Satellite Coverage Good Satellite Distribution

Better DOP
Better Precision

Dilution Of Precision

Additional Satellite Coverage Great Satellite Distribution

Lowest DOP
Best Precision

Signal of GPS
The satellites broadcast two carrier waves constantly. These carrier waves are in L-Band (Used for radio) and travel to earth at the speed of light. These carrier waves are derived from the fundamental frequency, generated by a very precise atomic clock. The L1 carrier is broadcast at 1575.42 MHz (10.23*154) The l2 carrier is broad cast at 1227.60 MHz (10.23*120) The L1 carrier then has two codes modulate upon it. The C/A code or Coarse/Acquisition Code is modulated at 1.023MHz and P-code or Precision Code is modulated at 10.23MHz The L2 carrier has just one code modulated upon it. The L2 p-code is modulate at 10.23MHz A GPS receiver uses the different codes to distinguish between satellites. The codes can also be used as a basis for making pseudo range measurements and therefore calculate a position.

DGPS
Differential Phase GPS is used mainly in surveying and related industries to achieve relative position accuracies to typically 550mm. Tow GPS receivers are always used simultaneously. The reference receiver is always positioned at a point with fixed or known co-ordinates The other receives are free to rove around. These are known as Rover Receivers The baseline between the reference and rover receiver are calculated Basic technique is still the same as the techniques mentioned previously The big difference comes in the way those ranges are calculated.

Real Time Differential GPS

Receiver

DGPS Receiver

DGPS Site

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