MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

Most organizations want to:

• coordinate their internal activities
• communicate more efficiently with other organizations
so: the organizations must need
• communication technology
• application of networks
To have the both of the needs above:
• Managing LANs
• Managing bandwidth
 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
MANAGING LANs
The organization can manage their own LAN from:
• network disruption
• loss of essential data
• unauthorized users
• infection of computer viruses
• special technical expertise
• very short supply
 MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
MANAGING BANDWIDTH
Organization needs fast and reliable access because afraid of:
• loosing suppliers
• loosing business partners
• loosing online customers
But: the organization needs to stabilize the network reliability with
availability mushroom network cost
 TELECOMMUNICATION

Communication of information by
electronics means over some
distance.
 INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

A fast of high speed digital telecommunications networks,

accessible by the general public discovering the:
• information education
• entertainment services
 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Collection of compatible h/w and s/w

arranged to communicate
information from one location to
another
 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
• Computers to process information
• Terminals or any input/output devices
that send and receive data
• Communication processors
• Communication software
• Communication links or channels
 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS

 Transmit information

 Establish interface between sender and the

receiver

 Route messages along most efficient paths

 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
 Perform elementary processing of
information

 Perform editorial tasks on data

 Convert message speed or format

 Control flow of information

 COMPUTER HARDWARE

COMMUNICATION SECONDARY
DEVICES STORAGE

CENTRAL This path is the most important

PRIMARY
PROCESSING
STORAGE
UNIT Each instruction must be transfer into
PM/CPU to be process

INPUT OUTPUT
DEVICES DEVICES
 COMPUTER HARDWARE: CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Converts, manipulates and controls the
data and instructions to other parts of
the computer system
 COMPUTER HARDWARE: INPUT
DEVICES
Allow the users to key in the data and
instructions to the computer, then it will
convert the data and instructions to the
binary code for processing.
COMPUTER HARDWARE: OUTPUT
DEVICES
Allow the computer to convey the
information to the users in the format
that is understandable.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE: PRIMARY
STORAGE
Temporarily stores data and instructions
during processing.
COMPUTER HARDWARE: SECONDARY
STORAGE
Feeds data and instructions into CPU
permanently for future used.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE:
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Control the passing of information to and
from the computer and the
communication network.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
• There are 6 major components of computer system
CPU, communication devices, input devices, output
devices, primary storage and secondary storage.
• All components are interrelated, means if 1
component failed to complete the task, the entire
computer system will failed.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE: EXAMPLE
What will the computer does, when You are typing some word
document, save it to the Thumb Drive and print it with my BJC 1020?

When you hit some keys, you are using the INPUT DEVICES.
The hit will be convert into Binary Code (01010) by a
compiler. Monitored by CONTROL UNIT, embedded in CPU.
Your instruction is carried using COMMUNICATION DEVICES,
simultaneously sent to monitor which it OUTPUT DEVICES
and to PRIMARY STORAGE for processing. Then if you
choose Save As: TRY 1 in your C:\ directory, you currently
using your SECONDARY STORAGE. Finally, if you point to
Printer icon, all the instructions will be transfer to printer
through COMMUNICATION DEVICES.
 BANDWIDTH
• Has to do with how much data can be transmitted in
1 second over transmission media or communication
channel.
• The bandwidth becomes important when transmitting
graphics, sound, video and other non-text data
because this type of data uses large number of bits.
• The higher bandwidth means more data can be sent.
 BANDWIDTH: BASEBAND
• Voiceba nd : the bandwidth of a standard telephone
line and used often for microcomputer transmission;
typical speeds are 9600 to 56kbps, although with
special equipment much higher speeds are possible.
• Med iu m ban d: the bandwidth of special leased lines
used mainly with minicomputers and mainframe
computers; the speed is 56kbps to 264Mbps.
• Bro adb an d: the bandwidth that includes microwave,
satellite, coaxial cable and fiber optic channels; it is
used for very high speed computers whose processors
communicate directly with each other; it is in the range
of 264Mbps to 30Gbps.
 SIGNAL TYPE

1 characteristic of channels is the type of signal sent

over the transmission media.
• Digi tal Signa l: One that transmits bits as high
(represent in 1 bit) and low pulses (represent in 0)
• Anal og s ig nal : Transmit data by wave pattern that
varies continuously; different wave patterns represent
bits.
 DATA RATE
• Rate at which data is sent over the transmission
media or communication channel.
• Data rate is measured in bits per second (bps).
• Each type of transmission media or communication
channel has a maximum data rate, varying from a low
of several hundred bps for very slow speed channels to
billions of bps for high speed channels.
 SERIAL & PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
• Ser ia l Data Tra nsmis sion : Bits flow in series or continuous stream,
like cars crossing a one-lane bridge. Serial transmission is the way most
data is sent over telephone lines. For this reason, external modems
typically connect a microcomputer through a serial port. More technical
names for the serial port are RS-232C connector and asynchronous
communications port.
• Parallel Data Transmi ssion : Bits flow through a separate lines
simultaneously. In other words, they resemble cars moving together at
the same speed on the multilane freeway. Parallel transmission is typically
limited to communications over short distances and typically is not used
over telephone lines. It is however, a standard method of sending data
from a computer’s CPU to a printer.
 DIRECTION OF DATA TRANSMISSION
There are three directions or modes of data flow in a data communications
system:
•Simpl ex Co mmu ni cation: It resembles the movement of cars on a one-
way street. Data travels in one direction only. The simplex mode is not
frequently used in data communications systems today. One instance in which
it is used may be in point-of-sale (POS) terminals in which data is being
entered only.
• Half duple x Co mmu ni cation: Data flows in both directions but not
simultaneously. That is, data flows in only one direction at any one time. This
resembles traffic on a one-lane bridge. It is a very common and frequently
used for linking microcomputers by telephone lines to other microcomputers.
• Fu ll -duple x c ommunic atio n: Data is transmitted back and forth at the
same time, like traffic on a two-way street. It is clearly the fastest and most
efficient form of two-way communication. It has been widely used for
mainframe communications for years. Now, it is becoming the standard mode
for microcomputers as well.
 MOST OF DATA TRANSMISSION
Data may be sent by asynchronous or synchronous transmission :
• As ynchron ou s tra nsmis sion : The method frequently used with
microcomputers, data is sent and received one byte at a time. It is often used
for terminals with slow speeds. Its advantage is that the data can be
transmitted whenever convenient for the sender. Its disadvantage is a
relatively slow rate of data transfer.
• S ynchron ou s tra nsmis sion : It is used to transfer great quantities of
information by sending several bytes or a block at a time. For data
transmission can occur, the sending and receiving of the block of bytes must
occur at carefully timed intervals. Thus, the system requires a synchronized
clock. Its advantage is that data can be sent very quickly. Its disadvantage is
the cost of the required equipment.