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  • Quantum Theory in Modern Computer - Quantum Computer

    Enviado por

    Harshit Verma
    45 visualizações20 páginas
    The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This review aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory. Information can be identified as the most general thing which must propagate from a cause to an effect. It therefore has a fundamentally important role in the science of physics. However, the mathematical treatment of information, especially information processing, is quite recent, dating from the mid-20th century. This has meant that the full significance of information as a basic concept in physics is only now being discovered. This is especially true in quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum information and computing puts this significance on a firm footing, and has led to some profound and exciting new insights into the natural world. It turns out that information theory and quantum mechanics fit together very well. In order to explain their relationship, this review begins with an introduction to classical information theory and computer science, including Shannon's theorem, error correcting codes, Turing machines and computational complexity. The principles of quantum mechanics are then outlined, and the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) experiment described. The EPR-Bell correlations, and quantum entanglement in general, form the essential new ingredient which distinguishes quantum from classical information theory and, arguably, quantum from classical physics. Basic quantum information ideas are next outlined, including qubits and data compression, quantum gates, the `no cloning' property and teleportation. Quantum cryptography is briefly sketched. The universal quantum computer (QC) is described, based on the Church-Turing principle and a network model of computation. iii Algorithms for such a computer are discussed, especially those for finding the period of a function, and searching a random list. Such algorithms prove that a QC of sufficiently precise construction is not only fundamentally different from any computer which can only manipulate classical information, but can compute a small class of functions with greater efficiency. This implies that some important computational tasks are impossible for any device apart from a QC. To build a universal QC is well beyond the abilities of current technology. However, the principles of quantum information physics can be tested on smaller devices. The current experimental situation is reviewed, with emphasis on the linear ion trap, high-Q optical cavities, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. These allow coherent control in a Hilbert space of eight dimensions (three qubits) and should be extendable up to a thousand or more dimensions (10 qubits).

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    The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This review aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory. Information can be identified as the most general thing which must propagate from a cause to an effect. It therefore has a fundamentally important role in the science of physics. However, the mathematical treatment of information, especially information processing, is quite recent, dating from the mid-20th century. This has meant that the full significance of information as a basic concept in physics is only now being discovered. This is especially true in quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum information and computing puts this significance on a firm footing, and has led to some profound and exciting new insights into the natural world. It turns out that information theory and quantum mechanics fit together very well. In order to explain their relationship, this review begins with an introduction to classical information theory and computer science, including Shannon's theorem, error correcting codes, Turing machines and computational complexity. The principles of quantum mechanics are then outlined, and the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) experiment described. The EPR-Bell correlations, and quantum entanglement in general, form the essential new ingredient which distinguishes quantum from classical information theory and, arguably, quantum from classical physics. Basic quantum information ideas are next outlined, including qubits and data compression, quantum gates, the `no cloning' property and teleportation. Quantum cryptography is briefly sketched. The universal quantum computer (QC) is described, based on the Church-Turing principle and a network model of computation. iii Algorithms for such a computer are discussed, especially those for finding the period of a function, and searching a random list. Such algorithms prove that a QC of sufficiently precise construction is not only fundamentally different from any computer which can only manipulate classical information, but can compute a small class of functions with greater efficiency. This implies that some important computational tasks are impossible for any device apart from a QC. To build a universal QC is well beyond the abilities of current technology. However, the principles of quantum information physics can be tested on smaller devices. The current experimental situation is reviewed, with emphasis on the linear ion trap, high-Q optical cavities, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. These allow coherent control in a Hilbert space of eight dimensions (three qubits) and should be extendable up to a thousand or more dimensions (10 qubits).

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    45 visualizações20 páginas

    Quantum Theory in Modern Computer - Quantum Computer

    Enviado por

    Harshit Verma
    The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This review aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory. Information can be identified as the most general thing which must propagate from a cause to an effect. It therefore has a fundamentally important role in the science of physics. However, the mathematical treatment of information, especially information processing, is quite recent, dating from the mid-20th century. This has meant that the full significance of information as a basic concept in physics is only now being discovered. This is especially true in quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum information and computing puts this significance on a firm footing, and has led to some profound and exciting new insights into the natural world. It turns out that information theory and quantum mechanics fit together very well. In order to explain their relationship, this review begins with an introduction to classical information theory and computer science, including Shannon's theorem, error correcting codes, Turing machines and computational complexity. The principles of quantum mechanics are then outlined, and the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) experiment described. The EPR-Bell correlations, and quantum entanglement in general, form the essential new ingredient which distinguishes quantum from classical information theory and, arguably, quantum from classical physics. Basic quantum information ideas are next outlined, including qubits and data compression, quantum gates, the `no cloning' property and teleportation. Quantum cryptography is briefly sketched. The universal quantum computer (QC) is described, based on the Church-Turing principle and a network model of computation. iii Algorithms for such a computer are discussed, especially those for finding the period of a function, and searching a random list. Such algorithms prove that a QC of sufficiently precise construction is not only fundamentally different from any computer which can only manipulate classical information, but can compute a small class of functions with greater efficiency. This implies that some important computational tasks are impossible for any device apart from a QC. To build a universal QC is well beyond the abilities of current technology. However, the principles of quantum information physics can be tested on smaller devices. The current experimental situation is reviewed, with emphasis on the linear ion trap, high-Q optical cavities, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. These allow coherent control in a Hilbert space of eight dimensions (three qubits) and should be extendable up to a thousand or more dimensions (10 qubits).

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    de 20

    SEMINAR REPORT ON QUANTUM THEORY IN MODERN COMPUTER__QUANTUM COMPUTER

    Presented by__

    ABHISHEK GUPTA ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING KNIT SULTANPUR

    WHAT IS QUANTUM THEORY

    Computer technology is making devices smaller and smaller reaching a point where classical physics is no longer a suitable model for the laws of physics.

    Quantum Theory is the description of Microscopic motion. In nature , action values smaller than =1.06*10-34Js are not observed.
    **The existence of smallest action value apply on light , time , measurement , motion of matter , motion of space time , and on every physical phenomenon in Microscopic World. **There are two popular equation in quantum development is_ E*t /2, x*p /2, These are the indeterminacy relation.

    **Because of the finite accuracy with which microscopic motion can be observed, faster than-light motion is possible in the microscopic domain! Quantum theory thus predicts tachyons, at least over short time intervals. Motion backwards in time is possible over microscopic times and distances.

    **What happens if we try to measure a change smaller than

    the quantum of action? Answer: We Get Random Results. Ex. :-If a particle is sent through a screen with two sufficiently close slits less than . it is impossible to say which slit the particle passed through.

    A particle contain both wave behaviour and particle behaviour . Thus accurate position and accurate frequency can not determine simultaneously .

    In the micro-world , subatomic particles really can exist simultaneously in combination many different states. __QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION

    Here in this image the window is exhibiting 3 images simultaneously , the image of the girl , the image of the outside view and both images simultaneously.

    CONCEPT OF QUANTUM COMPUTER


    A quantum computer (also known as a quantum supercomputer) is a computation device that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement , to perform operations on data.
    .

    BIT V/S QUBIT__


    A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit .

    REPRESENTATION OF DATA - QUBITS


    A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an atom. An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.

    Light pulse of frequency for time interval t

    Excited State

    Nucleus Ground State Electron

    State |0>

    State |1>

    A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states denoted by the addition of the state vectors: |> = |0> + |1> Where and are complex numbers and | |2 + | |2 =1

    A QUBIT IN SUPERPOSITION IS IN BOTH OF THE STATES |1> AND |0 > AT THE SAME TIME .

    Excited State

    Nucleus Ground State Electron

    State |0>

    State |0> + |1>

    Consider a 3 bit qubit register. An equally weighted superposition of all possible states would be denoted by:

    |> =

    |000> +

    |001> + . . . +

    |111>

    RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DATA ENTANGLEMENT


    Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations between states within a superposition. Imagine two qubits, each in the state |0> + |1> (a superposition of the 0 and 1.) We can entangle the two qubits such that the measurement of one qubit is always correlated to the measurement of the other qubit.

    In a 8-bit device data can be stored in any one value from 0 to 255.But in a quantum computer an 8-qubit device can be stored every value from 0 to 255. Thus a 32 qubit device could store 4 billion values at same time. Calculation could be done with all these values simultaneously .

    In a classical computer a latch can be stored 0 or 1 , but in quantum computer a qu-latch can stored 0 or 1 or all possible superposition of 0 and 1 .

    QUANTUM GATES
    Quantum Gates are similar to classical gates, but do not have a degenerate output. i.e. their original input state can be derived from their output state, uniquely. They must be reversible. This means that a deterministic computation can be performed on a quantum computer only if it is reversible. Luckily, it has been shown that any deterministic computation can be made reversible.(Charles Bennet, 1973)

    QUANTUM GATES - CONTROLLED NOT


    A gate which operates on two qubits is called a ControlledNOT (CN) Gate. If the bit on the control line is 1, invert the bit on the target line.

    QUANTUM COMPUTER LANGUAGES


    Even though no quantum computer has been built that hasnt stopped the proliferation of papers on various aspects of the subject. Many such papers have been written defining language specifications. QCL - (Bernhard Omer) C like syntax and very complete. http://tph.tuwien.ac.at/oemer/qcl.html . qGCL - (Paolo Zuliani and others) http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/paolo.zuliani/ Quantum C - (Stephen Blaha) Currently just a specification,

    APPLICATIONS
    Efficient simulations of quantum systems Phase estimation; improved time-frequency and other measurement standards (e.g. GPS) Factoring and Discrete Logarithms Hidden subgroup problems Amplitude amplification and much more

    CONCLUSION
    Qubits have probabilistic nature

    N-qubit register have 2^N basis functions


    Gates that are direct product of other gates do not produce entanglement. cNOT and one-qubit gates form a universal set of gates.

    In principle there is an infinite number unitary operators U.

    REFERENCES
    A survey of quantum computing and automata. E. de Doncker and L. Cucos, In Fourth World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics (SCI'00), (2000). The Temple of Quantum Computing, Riley T. Perry.2004 Quantum Computation:A Computer Science Perspective, Anders K.H. Bengtsson. 2005 http://www.nec.co.jp/rd/Eng/innovative/E3/top.html http://www.sciencedaily.com/

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