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This residual gas f mixes with fresh
fuel -air charge
the composition of the mixture
becomes
kg of residual gas
(1- ) kg of air
(1- )F kg of fuel
Equating the sum of the enthalpies
of these components with
enthalpy of the mixture, the
temperature of the mixture can be
obtained (F is a small quantity
and can be neglected)
h m
h
mix mix
i
i
m =
Example
a constant volume fuel air cycle has
the following values of pressure and
temperature for a fuel air ratio of
0.0785 ,& 117.75 % of theoretical fuel
p
1
=1.1 atm
p
ex
=1.1kg/cm2
T
at
=325 K
p
4
=4.5 atm
T
4
=1600 K
For a compression ratio of 7
calculate: the value of and T1 (
latent heat of evaporation at 25 C
is 83 Kcal/kg
Solution
1
2
4
ex
p
p
F) (1
v
v
f + =
0368 . 0
7
1
4.5
1.1
0.0785) (1
=
+ =
f
f
Composition of fresh mixture at
point 1 Residual gas= 0.037 kg
Air= (1-0.037)=0.963 kg
Fuel=0.963*0.0785 kg
Total weight of mixture
=0.037+0.963+0.0755
=1.0755 kg .
Assuming the specific heat at constant pressure cp of
residual gas and air =0.24, of liquid fuel =0.5 and of
vapor=0.4
Enthalpy of 1 kg of petrol vapor at 323 K
( ) ( )
kg kcal h
h
T c h T c h h
n evaporatio of heat latent h
dT c h h
dh h h
vapor p fg liquid p
fg
p
/ 5 . 105 10 83 5 . 12
298 323 4 . 0 1 83 273 298 5 . 0 1
. . .
323 298 ) ( 298 273 ) ( 273 323
323
273
273 323
323
273
273 323
= + + = A
+ + = A
A + A + A =
= A
+ =
+ =
}
}
Assume that that fuel needs this
amount of energy to be at 323 K
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
K T
T
needed enthalpy m T c f T c m T c m
o
fuel p at p air p mix
332
5 . 105 0755 . 0 ) 273 1600 ( 24 . 0 037 . 0 273 323 24 . 0 963 . 0 ) 273 ( 24 . 0 0755 . 1
.. 273 273 273
1
1
4 1
=
+ =
+ + =
B) Limited pressure fuel air cycle
The same procedure may be
followed for calculating and T1 for
fuel air cycle. Calculation of T1 will
not require the enthalpy of fuel
because fuel will not be present
during the compression process
Examples
1) In a constant volume combustion
fuel air cycle with compression ratio
r
v
=9, the mixture has a fuel air ratio of
0.0785. The fuel is C
8
H
17
and lower
heating value of 10500 kcal/kg (44000
kJ/kg). Assume mixture pressure and
temperature at the beginning of 1 atm
and 328 K. Calculate the indicated
thermal efficiency, specific fuel
consumption & m.e.p. of the cycle.
It can be assumed that f =0.03
c
p
can be calculated at an average
temperature of 2800 K
assume also that the drop in
temperature due to dissociation may
be assumed equal to 10% of the
temperature rise without considering
dissociation. Z correction factor = 0.9
Lets start by determining the c
p
for
the different species
K kmole KJ K kmole kcal
T
T
c
H
K kmole KJ K kmole kcal
T T
c
vapor O H
K kmole KJ K kmole kcal
T T
c
CO
K kmole KJ K kmole kcal
T T
c
CO
K kmole KJ K kmole kcal
T T
c
N
o o
p
o o
p
o o
p
o o
p
o o
p
/ 18 . 4 ) /
15
1000
04 . 1
76 . 5 (
/ 18 . 4 ) /
4150 442
86 . 19 (
) (
/ 18 . 4 ) /
10 333 . 0 10 83 . 1
63 . 9 (
/ 18 . 4 ) /
10 435 . 0 10 62 . 3
2 . 16 (
/ 18 . 4 ) /
10 358 . 0 10 93 . 1
47 . 9 (
2
2
2
2
6 3
2
6 3
2
2
6 3
2
+ =
+ =
=
oxygen moles
f uel moles
M m
M m
m
m
m
m
m
m
O o
f f
o
f
o
air
air
f
..
..
/
/
2 2
2 2
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
/
/
/
..
..
O
f
o
air
air
f
O
f
o
f
f
O
o
f
O o
f f
M
M
m
m
m
m
M
M
m
m
M
M
m
m
M m
M m
oxygen moles
f uel moles
Combustion calculation of C
8
H
17
having
a fuel air ratio of 0.0785
45 . 10
.. ...
.. ...
3 . 4 32 0785 . 0
113
.. ...
.. ...
) 76 . 3 28 32 ( .. ...
.. ...
) (
1
.. ...
.. ...
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
+
=
=
f uel of Moles
O of Moles
f uel of Moles
O of Moles
F
M
f uel of Moles
O of Moles
M
M
ratio O air ratio air f uel
f uel of Moles
O of Moles
f
f
O
The combustion equation
by O
2
balance
10.45=8(1-)+4 +4.25-2
=0.3
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 17 8
76 . 3 45 . 10 4 5 . 8 4 8 8 1 76 . 3 45 . 10 45 . 10 N O H H CO CO N O H C + + + + + + | | | |
The combustion equation
mol of mixture
Moles
mix
= 50.75
Moles
prod
= 55.80
2 2 2 2 2 2 17 8
3 . 39 3 . 7 2 . 1 4 . 2 6 . 5 76 . 3 45 . 10 45 . 10 N O H H CO CO N O H C + + + + + +
Composition by volume
705 . 0
8 . 55
3 . 39
131 . 0
8 . 55
3 . 7
021 . 0
8 . 55
2 . 1
043 . 0
8 . 55
4 . 2
10 . 0
8 . 55
6 . 5
2
2
2
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
O H
H
CO
CO
R
mix
and M
mix
75 . 27
5 . 30
848
5 . 30
75 . 27
848
28 705 . 0 18 131 . 0 2 021 . 0 28 043 . 0 44 1 . 0
848
= =
= =
+ + + +
=
mix
mix
mix
M
R
R
Composition by weight
710 . 0 705 . 0
75 . 27
28
085 . 0 131 . 0
75 . 27
18
001 . 0 021 . 0
75 . 27
2
044 . 0 043 . 0
75 . 27
28
160 . 0 100 . 0
75 . 27
44
2
2
2
2
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
N
O H
H
CO
CO
Assume T=2800 K
K kmole kcal C N
K kmole kcal C O H
K kmole kcal C H
K kmole kcal C CO
K kmole kcal C CO
o
P
o
P
o
P
o
P
o
P
/ 83 . 8 :
/ 0 . 13 :
/ 94 . 8 :
/ 86 . 8 :
/ 97 . 14 :
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
=
Get Cp for burnt products
Get Cv
Temperature rise during combustion
T
( ) ( ) | | ( )
c vprod
Q F f T c F f f f = A + + 1 1 1
T=2450 K
temperature rise considering
dissociation
T=0.9*2450=2205 K
For compression process k=1.3
For expansion process k=1.3
K T
value assumed K T
T
T T T
K T
v
v
T
T
o
o
o
k
1470
9
2839
) 2800 .. ( 2839
2205 634
'
634
3 . 0
4
3
3
2 3
2
1
2
1
1
2
= =
= =
+ =
A + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Work done during expansion for 1.076 kg
of products or 1kg of air
( )
( )
air of kg kcal W
W
.. .. / 351
427 ) 1 3 . 1 (
1470 2839 5 . 30 076 . 1
exp
exp
=
=
R for fuel, air
and residual
gases
1. Get masses
( )
( )
kg weight total
kg air
kg gases residual
kg f uel
076 . 1 ...
97 . 0 03 . 0 1
03 . 0 ..
076 . 0 03 . 0 1 0785 . 0
=
= =
=
= =
2.Composition by weight