Wave loading on sea dikes

Some new developments (general remarks)

Developments

Last decades:increase economical values, population (coastal and riverine areas) Large Disasters (Floods, Traffic, Planes, Fire, Earthquakes, Mud flow, etc.) Future developments: climate change, sea-level rising, soil subsidence, air/water pollution
Bas Jonkman

What are under discussion?

Are storms more frequent and waves larger ? Is this all due to climate change and sea-level rise? What is the reality?

Sea-level rise

level
expected Sea-level rise subsidence Historical developments: Dutch
history and (possible) future

Time (year)

The force of waves

We can not change the water levels but we can reduce the wave height

Wave overtopping and consequences

Haiphong dike

Example from Gold Coast Australia

IJmuiden harbour during storm

Wave run-up and overtopping on dikes

Disaster 1953

Actual dikes

Transformation of waves from deep water into shallow water

H = (0.5 to 0.6) h

H0 Original bed After erosion

Measuring Stations NL

Petten; measuring instruments and run-up test section

Verification SWAN model

Measurements at Pettemer sea dike

Conclusions for Dutch coast/dikes ?

Dikes usually older then 30 years Designed with old knowledge/criteria

Inventarisation of real state of dikes needed:

Actual and future overtopping of dikes What is the resistance of inner slope (grass) against certain overtopping (velocities) ?

Policy decision needed

Conclusions
Waves became higher not due to climate change but due to foreshore erosion (deeper water in front of structures) Wave have always much destructive effect More overtopping is expected during superstorms Grassmats not strong enough and reinforcement is needed

Measures for overtopping resistant dikes

Video1Kesz.mpg
Snelkoppeling naar V ideo1Kesz.lnk

Video overflow dikes

Video1Kesz.mpg

Overtopping per wave

Average overtopping per length

Effect of overtopping Haiphong dike after Typhoon No.2

What about overtopping Vietnamese dikes

Crest height of the dike

Vietnam DWL = M.S.L+ Ztide5%+Zwindsurge+

Ztide : Based on 5% of design frequency and exceedance curve over 19 years of tidal level observation, the corresponded sea water level takes value of +2.1 to 2.30 (m +MSL). Tidal level: Ztide=+2.29 m +MSL, is the averaged highest tidal range for the location according to annual publication of Vietnam Marine Hydro-meteorological Center.

Actual Nam Dinh: Ztide5%=2.1+MSL, Zsurge=0.9m, =0.3,

thus design water level is about 3.3m+MSL

Wind surge defined for storm with 9B ???
Approach uncleare

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

Max. water level

Max. storm surge

Typhoon N0. 7 Damrey

storm surge tide (MSL) w aterlevel (MSL)

SWL0
-0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 9/27/05 0:00

Hon Dau Station

Nam Dinh ????

(interpolation between stations)

Waterlevels
9/27/05 2:24 9/27/05 4:48 9/27/05 7:12 9/27/05 9:36 9/27/05 12:00 9/27/05 14:24 9/27/05 16:48 9/27/05 19:12 9/27/05 21:36 9/28/05 0:00

SWL= CD+1.9m
(or CD+1.86m)

tide

level

w aterlevel storm surge

Storm surge at Hon Dau station = 1 m

CD

0 9/24/05 12:00 -1

9/25/05 0:00

9/25/05 12:00

9/26/05 0:00

9/26/05 12:00

9/27/05 0:00

9/27/05 12:00

9/28/05 0:00

9/28/05 12:00

9/29/05 0:00

9/29/05 12:00

tim e

Storm surge at Nam Dinh coast

[Source: Vietnamese Water Resources Institute]

Surge level (cm)

0 - 50

50 - 100

100 - 150

150 - 200

200 - 250

Frequency related to number of storms (%)

35

38

17

Typhoon No.7 Damrey: Station Hon Dau (near Haiphong): reference: MSL=CD+1.86m or 1.90m

HWmeasured = 4.18m+CD
HWtide(tables)= 3.30m+CD Storm surge at high water: 4.18-3.30= 0.88m; max. surge observed: 1.0m
For Nam Dinh: storm surge about 1.4 to 1.5m (close to 1/20 per year = 5%)

Vietnam 1996

Judgement Delft Hydraulics

DesignWater levels : 100 year = +4.56 to +5.06m HD (Nam Dinh)

Tidal levels Storm surges Seasonal surges Wave set-up Sea level rise Subsidence
+1.6m MSL - 0.14m HD +2.5 to 3m (1 in 100 year) +0.1m +0.1m +0.3m (50 years value) +0.1m (add to water depth)

Statistics storm surges Hai Hau

Swedish study, 2004; Institute of Mechanics Hanoi HMC Typhoon simulation model

Possible design waterlevels Vietnam ???(judgement by Delft Hydraulics)

Extreme water levels (extra 60cm sealevel rise dashed line)

Red River

Mekong

0 1 10 100

Return period (years)

Hs,toe=0.5h= 2m
MSL+3.5m

hk

Overtopping Vietnamese dikes Hs = 2m Tp= 8 sec h [m]

k

q [l/m per s] 100 48 23

h=4m

2,0 2,5 3,0

15

V [m 3/m]

10 5

hk = 2,0 hk = 2,5 hk = 3,0

m=2

Max. volume per wave, l/m

0 100 10 1 0,1 incoming waves P [%]

U [m/s]
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 0,5 0,1 incoming waves P[%]

0,01

hk = 3,0 hk = 2,5 hk = 2,0

m=3

q l/ms; average discharge

U [m/s]

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 100

hk= 2
m=2 m=3

MSL+3.5m

hk

50

20

10

5 2 1 0,5 0,1 incoming waves P[%]

hk [m]
2,0 2,5

q [l/m per s]
100 48 23

U [m/s]

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 100

hk=2.5
m=2 m=3

3,0

1000

qaverage l/ms
50 20 10 5 2 1 0,5 0,1 incoming waves P[%]

hk=3
U [m/s]
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 0,5 0,1 incoming waves P[%] m=2 m=3

100

10
(q=10m/ms=max.permissible for grass)

1m

hk m

4m

Runup roughly given by:

Z2% = 8H tan = 8 x 2 x 0.25 = 4m which supports the previous derivation Concluded: hk = 4m

Consider and make cost-benefit analyze for:

1) Low-crested dikes (MSL+ 5. to 5.5m) completely protected by revetments against overtopping 2) High-crested dikes (MSL+7.0 to 7.5m) protected only on the seaside (grass on the inner slope) Use also flume models for studying these alternatives Remember: Good hydraulic boundary conditions (water levels including storm surges and waves) are needed for both alternatives; For low-crested dikes the good boundary conditions are needed for calculation forces and velocities on the crest and inner slope; Do not use the criterion 9B knowing that each year you have typhoons stronger than that (it is behind any acceptable logic); it is time to modernize this approach.

Alternative concepts

defence

transitional area

dry

Overtopping resistant dike

Example of ComCoast concept NL

defence

transitional area

dry

Foreshore low-crested sill for wave breaking

Example of ComCoast concept

Hydraulic Boundary Conditions

Modeling storm-surge levels

Examples from measurements

Conclusions

We have to join forces and efforts to minimize effect of typhoons

Look to all failure mechanisms

And design frequency based on cost-benefit analyze

Quality of design and execution Supervision during execution

Compaction in 2005 not better than in 1995; no proper supervision

Educate supervisors

No more retreat ?

We can not stop/avoid typhoons

but we can/should minimize

their impacts/effects

New dike Hai Hau Jan 2006

No guarantee

Never safe enough

Alternatives for overtopping resistant dikes

(low-cost)

Compaction is important

Alternative protections

geomattresses geotubes

Geobags covered with soil and grass

Institutional remarks

MARD/Policy Dike Department/DDMFC Provincial MARD/PDDMFC Design Office/Consultants Supervision/Quality Upgrading knowledge
Institutional reform More decentralisation More local involvement Shearing responsibilities Databank

Safety versus design standard: 5% = 1/20 years ?????????? For 5% the dike crest is about MSL+7m
Actual Vietnamese dikes probably no more than: Crest of dikes 20% = 1/5 years (MSL+5m) (frequent overtopped dikes) However, the strength of revetments, including crest and inner slope, should be adequate to resist at least the attack of typhoons such as No.2 and No.7.
Therefore, the loading by these typhoons should be studied; why MARD/DDMFC is not willing to do that???? (unbelievable)

Co-operation needed
Within MARD/DDMFC Between ministries Between Institutes Between Universities International Upgrading documents Unification of Polices

Thank You