Revetments

introduction
Example of
structures
Granular materials
Artificial units
Sand
Main function

Protection of the object (bank, dike, shore)
against loadings (waves, ship waves, currents,
mechanical damage, etc)
Types of revetments

Materials:
Granular (rock)
Concrete
Asphalt
Geosynthetics
Wood
Steel
Vegetation
Combined
Other classifications:
- Permeable
- Semi-permeable
- Impermeable

- Statically stable
- Dynamic Stable

- Free blocks
- Grouted systems
- Interlocked
- Mats
- Slabs



General types of revetments
Loose rock (riprap, dumped stones)
Placed/pitched blocks/stones
Mats
Asphalt
Grass
Slabs
also Grass
Alternatives
and selection
Choice
Riprap
on earth dams
Alternative rock use

Selection (choice of revetment)
Criteria:
Loads
Availability of materials
Availability of space
Accessibility and/or equipment (construction)
Landscape
Maintenance
Cost
Wave attack and
Interactions with
structures
s / tan = o
L
H
=
gT
H 2
= s
2
t
and
Breaker index
L=gT
2
/2=1.56T
2

Llocal =T (gh)^0.5
h= local depth in front of structure
Failure modes
Surface erosion processes
Geotechnical instability
Design criteria
Design elements
Design
Developments in
Cover Layers
Hydraulic
boundary
conditions
o
For granular (non-cohesive) banks, fluvial erosion is
modelled as for sediment transport
(with o = bank angle):
Fluid Lift (F
L
)
Fluid Drag (F
D
)
Friction ()
Particle Weight (W)
Downslope component
of particle weight (W
d
)
Normal component
of particle weight
(W
n
)
Steve Darby
Beginning of movement
of granular materials
) (
) (
*
2
*
e
c
cr
c w s
cr
cr
R f
gD
u
gD
=
A
=

=

t

C g U gRI u
w
/ /
*
= = = t
) (
) (
*
2
*
e
c
cr
c w s
cr
cr
R f
gD
u
gD
=
A
=

=

t

C g U gRI u
w
/ /
*
= = = t
Velocity distribution/profiles
u
s

|
.
|

\
|

k
h
=
K
-0.2
h
r
|
.
|

\
|
+
k
h
1 =
K
-0.2
h
r
or
Stability criteria revetments
rock - current attack
(a) K = f G, or
C
D

w
UD/4=fD/6(
s
-
w
)g,
providing:
U/(2g D) = (2/3)f/C
D
=
Assuming = 42
o
(for rock), f = tan 42
o
= 0.90, and C
D
= 1.0, one obtains:
U/(2g D) = = 0.60.
(b) The moment with respect to the
turning point S gives the equation:
F b = G a, or
(C
F

w
UD/4)b=(D/6(
s
-
w
)g)a,
providing:
U/(2g D) = (2/3)(a/b)/C
F
=

Assuming a = b, C
F
= 1.0, then = 0.67. C
F
is a combination of coefficients for drag and lift
forces.
Isbash (1935)
U
b
2
/2gAD =
U
b
= bottom velocity

= stability factor
g
U
D
b
w s
w
c
2
/ 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=


or, in dimensionless form: =
A
c
b
D g
U
2
2
(3a,b)
where D
c
= characteristic size (usually, D
c
= D
50
), = 1.4 for embedded stone, = 0.7
for exposed stone (conforming older results, Eq. 2),
w
= unit weight of water,
s
= unit
weight of stone, and g = acceleration of gravity. is the relative density defined as:
= (
s
-
w)
/
w
= (
s
-
w
)/
w
(
s
and
w
, unit density of stones and water, respectively)
2 2
tan
tan
1 cos
sin
sin
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
o
o
u
o
Ks
Slope factor
Comparison formulas
In conclusion, the modified Chinese formula (based on Isbash) should be:
s
s
K
r
r r
g C
U
Ds
1
2
2
2

=
in which,
2 2
tan
tan
1 cos
sin
sin
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
o
o
u
o
Ks
=angle of slope; C
2
=
u =angle of internal friction of material (for rock, u ~ 40 ).
C = 0.9 for normal riprap with turbulent flow
C = 1.2 for low turbulence or for embedded (pitched) stones
When = u, the rock revetment becomes unstable even without any hydraulic
loading.
D
n50
= Ds/1.24
Because in Vietnam design codes follow the Chinese codes:
Velocity profile
Measurements in UK rivers:
U
b
= 0.74 to 0.9 U
depth-average
U
b measured at 10%of the water depth above the bed
???????
Under ice cover
http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjmfr/1997/15
.pdf
Designation of Design Flow
Velocity Bangladesh
cr h
c
D
g U
A =
A
2 /
2
General approach to
current attack
- logarithmic velocity profile (Chezy),
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = A
r
h
k
h
g g
C 12
1 log
2
18
2
2
2 2

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
50
6
log 75 . 5
12
log
18
D
h
k
h
g D g
U
cr
r
cr

assuming k
r
= 2 D
50
.
Stricklers resistance formula for developed velocity
profile,

3 / 1 3 / 1
1 32
2
625
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
r r
h
k
h
k
h
g

- non-developed profile (Neill, 1967, Pilarczyk, 1995),

2 . 0 2 . 0
1 32 32
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
r r
h
k
h
k
h

cr h
c
D
g U
A =
A
2 /
2
General approach to
current attack
- logarithmic velocity profile (Chezy),
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = A
r
h
k
h
g g
C 12
1 log
2
18
2
2
2 2

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
50
6
log 75 . 5
12
log
18
D
h
k
h
g D g
U
cr
r
cr

assuming k
r
= 2 D
50
.
Stricklers resistance formula for developed velocity
profile,

3 / 1 3 / 1
1 32
2
625
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
r r
h
k
h
k
h
g

- non-developed profile (Neill, 1967, Pilarczyk, 1995),

2 . 0 2 . 0
1 32 32
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
r r
h
k
h
k
h

C K
u
*
K
= d
2
c
s
c
2
2
v
A
Schiereck
In Schiereck 2001
C K
u
*
K
= dn
2
c
s
c
2
2
v
A
50
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
A =
g
u
= d or =
d g
u
or d g u
2
c c
c
2
7 . 0 7 . 1 2 2 . 1
Isbash, 1930
Shields, 1936
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
= =
A
=

=
u
t

d u
f f
d g
u
d g
c c
w s
c
c
*
*
2
*
Re
u
g d
C
g
d
u
C
c
n
c
n
c
c
A A
50
50
2
2
= =

Practical relation;
Including velocity and
slope factor
d V M
n
= =
3
3
/
Schiereck 2001,
H03 final
C K
u
*
K
= d
2
c
s
c
2
2
v
A
|
o
|
o
o
|
o | o o
o
sin
sin
tan
tan
cos
tan
sin tan cos
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
- 1 = - 1 =
-
=
F(0)
) F(
= ) K(
Influence of slope on stability
Case c); on slope
K
v
=1 to1.6; usually 1.2
For v = 1.33*10-6 m2/s and = 2650 kg/m3, values of the grain size in mm are
indicated on the graph.
Shields Diagram (D* =d50(Ag/v2)1/3
Example 3-1
What is u*c for sand ( = 2650 kg/m3) with d = 2 mm?
In the classical Shields-curve (Figure 3-2a) u*c appears
in both axes, so iteration is necessary. Suppose you dont
have the faintest idea how much u*c is and you make a
wild guess, say 1 m/s. Re* then becomes:
1*0.002/1.33*10-6 = 1500 c = 0.055 u*c =
\(1.65*9.81*0.002*0.055) = 0.042 m/s Re* = 63
u*c = 0.036 m/s. This is also the final value. Using Figure
3-2b, you would have found directly d* =
0.002*(1.65*9.81/(1.33*10-6)2)1/3 = 42 c = 0.04
u*c = 0.036 m/s.
Shields Diagram (D* =d50(Ag/v2)1/3
Transport
Paintal,1971
3
*
5 . 2 *
16 18 *
with
) 05 . 0 for ( 13
) 05 . 0 for ( 10 56 . 6
d g
q
q
q
q
s
s
s
s
A


=

> =
< =
Example 3-2 transport
A value of 0.03 for c is considered a safe choice for the
threshold of motion. For stones with a characteristic
diameter of 0.4 m this gives qs = 6.56*1018*16*\(Agd3)
~ 3*10-6 m3/m/s. This is equivalent with 86400*qs/d3 ~ 4
stones per day per m width. The design velocity for an
apron is usually a value which occurs only in exceptional
cases e.g. with a chance of 1% per year. This makes such a
transport quantity acceptable. Moreover, this is the
transport per m width, not per m2. This example also
shows that there is always a chance of some damage and
inspection and maintenance is necessary for every
structure.
Example 3-3
Given a (design) velocity of 4 m/s, a waterdepth of 10 m and A =
1.65, what stone size (dn50) is necessary to withstand this (uniform)
flow?
We take a c-value of 0.03 and a roughness of 2 times dn50. Since the
roughness in equation depends on the still unknown diameter, we
have to iterate. So we have to start with a guess of either a value for
dn50 or for C. We start with C=50 \m/s (any guess is good). From
this we compute dn50 = 42/0.03*1.65*502 = 0.129 m. From there: C
= 18 log(12*10/2*0.129) = 48 \m/s. From equation again: dn50 =
42/0.03*1.65*482 = 0.14 m. And so on. Finally we find dn50 = 0.146
m. Using common sense, this iteration will converge in 3 or 4
calculations. From appendix A we find that a stone size of 80/200 mm
will do.
Rock specifications
Weight gradings and size relations for the standard light and heavy grading classes
1 3
1 0
/
,
n
a
W
D
g
| |
=
|

\ .
1 2
1 24
/
,
s
a
W
D
g
| |
=
|

\ .
0 806 ,
n s
D D =
Ds=equivalent sphere diameter
s
D
)
1 3
50
50
/
n
a
W
D
g
| |
=
|

\ .
50
50
0 84 ,
n
D
D
=
Rock grading
range D
50
(cm) M
50
(kg) D
n50
(cm)
Layer
thickness 1.5
D
n50
(cm)
Minimal dumping quantity with
layer of 1.5 D
n50
(kg/m
2
)
30/60 mm
40/100 mm
50/150 mm
80/200 mm
5-40 kg
10-60 kg
40-200 kg
60-300 kg
300-1000 kg
1-3 ton
3-6 ton
6-10 ton
3.9-4.9
6.2-8.8
8.8-12.3
12.3-17.7
21-26
26-31
38-44
45-51
71-77
103-110
136-143
167-174
0.09-0.18
0.35-1.04
1.04-2.79
2.79-8.31
12-25
24-43
84-131
139-204
541-692
1620-1980
3843-4392
7050-7790
3.7
6.3
8.9
12.6
19
24
35
41
63
90
118
144
20
20
20
20
29
36
53
62
95
135
177
216
300
300
300
300
450
550
800
950
1450
2050
2700
3250
Current attack _ Pilarczyk
g 2
u
K
K K
0.035 = D
2
cr
s
h T
+
u
A
u
gD
K
K K
s
T h
A
+
u
=
2
0035 .
|
.
|

\
|
u
o
sin
sin
- 1 =
K
2
s
|
.
|

\
|

k
h
=
K
-0.2
h
r
|
.
|

\
|
+
k
h
1 =
K
-0.2
h
r
or
Example: stability of stone
C K
u
*
K
= d
2
c
s
c
2
2
v
A
Schiereck 2001 H-03
Types of protection:
Revetment
Gravity structure, sloped protection
Falling apron, launching apron

Series of groynes, spurs
Single groyne
Series of solid, impermeable groynes
Series of permeable groynes

Temporary protections
Bandal
Geotextile bags
Natural materials: bamboo structures
Eco-engineering

Emergency protections

Waves , flow
Flow, turbulence
Example revetment
Design channel cross-section
):









1.1.1 Fig. 4.5-1: Sketch of a cross-section of an axi-symmetrical bend

In area I of Fig. 4.5-1 the bed profile is given by an empirical envelope curve of surveyed cross-
sections in the Jamuna river:

I II
h
0
distance x (m), radius r (m)

Elevation z (m)
y
r , y
5.5 h
0

B
h
ch

Predicted bank line
Design water level
2
0
0
)
5 . 5
1 (
h
y
h z

=
) 5 . 1 log( . 19 . 0 07 . 2
0
=
ch
c
ch
B
R
h
h
Thorne:
):









1.1.1 Fig. 4.5-1: Sketch of a cross-section of an axi-symmetrical bend

In area I of Fig. 4.5-1 the bed profile is given by an empirical envelope curve of surveyed cross-
sections in the Jamuna river:

I II
h
0
distance x (m), radius r (m)

Elevation z (m)
y
r , y
5.5 h0
B
hch
Design bed level
The maximum water depth + maximum scour
depth:
Local scour by the protection structure
Confluence scour enhanced by the structure
Protrusion scour by the structure
Scour by channel narrowing
How to combine different types of scour?
Bend scour is part of the maximum water depth
Design toe flow velocity

Rc = bend radius (m)
B=width channel (m)
utoe = depth averaged flow
velocity above the toe
(m/s)
Uch = cross section
averaged flow velocity
(m/s)
Determine c9 and c10 from
monitoring data

Extra turbulence:
):









1.1.1 Fig. 4.5-1: Sketch of a cross-section of an axi-symmetrical bend

In area I of Fig. 4.5-1 the bed profile is given by an empirical envelope curve of surveyed cross-
sections in the Jamuna river:

I II
h
0
distance x (m), radius r (m)

Elevation z (m)
y
r , y
5.5 h0
B
hch
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
ch
c
ch
toe
B
R
c c
u
u
log
10 9
,
u u u + =
) 3 1 (
) 3 1 (
special
normal
tur
u
u
C
o
o
+
+
=
Utoe/Uavg= 1.75 0.5 log (Rc/B
ch
)
Example USACE:
Two basic options for toe scour
protection
Maintenance
Deep scour
Slope 1:2
economic

Dredging trench 1:3 or 1:4
Sinking protection layer + small falling apron
Large falling apron:
Low waterlevel
predicted
erosion
alternatives
Fill-in
Permeable groyne
The emperical width 2 h has a relation with the turbulent
eddies in the flow,
The permeability can vary with a change in water level
Cross section projected perpendicular to the main
approach flow direction
h
About 2 h
h
About 2 h
Bangladesh
Example eco-engineering
Catkin grass or Vetiver grass can protect
eroding bank and catch sediment when
flooded, Brahmaputra river
Flood plain with Robinia trees, bamboo
protect embankments against wave attack
Mangrove forests protect sea dykes against
wave attack in Red River delta.

Uncertainty about the degree of protection
Low cost protection
Success requires local experience
Effect varies in time
A relatively large space is required
roots
siltation
h < 4 m
Fascine mattress on prepared slope (fill):
Geotextile, fascines and rip-rap toplayer
Fixed position gives reliable protection
Falling apron
Only toplayer elements:
rip rap, rip rap in gabions, cc blocks,
geobags,
Flexible, dynamic, permeable for subsoil
Connection fixed protection and apron is a problem
Needs regular monitoring during falling process,
eventually also fixation after falling in final
position (dumping gravel)
Economic

Launching apron: connected elements fall irregularly
Examples under water protection:
After the first flood:
Repair stone dumping was
necessary
Bangladesh; example permeable groyne
Example temporary protection (about 5 years)
Very economic
Local contractors
Present bank line will be maintained for a few years only,
Requires monitoring, sensitive for damage and it can attract
developing channels because of steep slopes
Conclusions on types of bank protection:
Type bank
protection
Risk on functioning Space required
(width)
costs
Quay wall

Strong foundation, bed
protection, fixed
bankline
Minimum space

Expensive
Revetment

Deep scouring due to
fallling apron, fixed
bankline

Moderate space Moderate costly

Solid groynes

Deep scouring due to
fallling apron, fixed
bankline
Considerable space Economic

Bandal Strength is uncertain,
Sedimentation
Minimum space,
h < 8 m
Economic
Permeable groynes Moderate scour, flexible
bank line
Considerable space Economic
Temporary
protection
Deep scour,
maintenance
Moderate space
required
Very economic
Eco engineering Risk on bank erosion,
Maintenance effort,
Large areas
required
h < 4 m
Very economic
Wave attack
Wave characteristics

Wave definitions and wave height distribution
Wave prediction; examples
Wave
height
Wave period
as a function of wind, depth
and fetch
Relative depth Shallow Water
20
1
<
L
h
Transitional water depth
2
1
<
L
h
<
20
1

Deep Water
2
1
>
L
h
Wave Celerity
c
L
T
g h = =
c
L
T
g T
kh = =
2 t
tanh c c
L
T
g T
= = =
0
2 t
Wave Length
L T g h =
L
g T
kh =
2
2 t
tanh L L
g T
= =
0
2
2 t
Group
Velocity
c c g h
g
= =
c n c
k h
k h
c
g
= = + -
L
N
M
O
Q
P
1
2
1
2
2 sinh
c c
g T
g
= =
1
2 4
0
t
Energy Flux
(per m width)
F E c ga g h
g
= =
1
2
2
F E c ga n c
g
= =
1
2
2

F
T
g a =
8
2 2
t

Particle
velocity
Horizontal
Vertical
u a
g
h
= sin u
w a
z
h
= + e u 1
e j
cos
u a
k h z
kh
=
+ ( )
e u
cosh
sinh
sin
w a
k h z
kh
=
+ ( )
e u
sinh
sinh
cos
u a e
kz
= e u sin
w a e
kz
= e u sin
Particle
displacement
Horizontal
Vertical

e
u =
a g
h
cos
u =
+ ( )
a
k h z
kh
cosh
sinh
cos
, u =
+ ( )
a
k h z
kh
sinh
sinh
sin
u = a e
kz
cos
, u = a e
kz
sin
Subsurface
pressure
p g z g a = + u sin
p g z g a
k h z
kh
= +
+ ( )
u
cosh
cosh
sin
p g z g a e
kz
= + u sin
a
H
T
k
L
t k x = = = =
2
2 2
e
t t
u e
linear wave theory
basic equations
Stability criteria revetments
wave attack

o
b
op
s
cr
cos F
=
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
A
b = 0.5 for rip rap
b = to 2/3 for blocks
L
/
H
tan
=
op s
op
o

0.67 -
op
0.33
scr
k
k
b
D
f =
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
'
A
Block revetments
Breaker index

0.5 -
m
0.2
0.18
50 n
s

N
S

P
6.2 =
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
A
Van der Meer:
H
s
/AD
n50
= (K
D
coto)
1/3

Hudson:
breakwaters
D
A
= S
2
50 n
e
Stability criteria

3 / 2
op
s
cr
F
=
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
A
with maximum
8.0 =
D
H
s
cr
|
.
|

\
|
A
L
/
H
tan
=
op s
op
o

0.67 -
op
0.33
scr
k
k
b
D
f =
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
'
A
g 2
u
K
K K
0.035 = D
2
cr
s
h T
+
u
A
|
.
|

\
|
u
o
sin
sin
- 1 =
K
2
s
|
|
.
|

\
|

k
h
=
K
s
-0.2
h
Current (general)
Waves (block revetments)
Stability diagram
block revetments
A =
bkD
k'
(See also: www.cress.nl)
DICEA/CRESS
http://ikm.nl/rwscress/
www.cress.nl
or
http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/default.htm?http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/brk8001.htm
Dicea * Delft International Coastal Engineering Assistant
http://www.ihe.nl/we/dicea/default.htm?/we/dicea/cress.htm

Coastal and River Engineering Support System
download RWS-Cress (English version)
download IHE-Cress (Windows version)

http://www.waterbouw.tudelft.nl/public/ct4310/cress/cress.htm
or
Also:
http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/default.htm?http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/brk8001.htm

Dicea overview:
CLO06 Bed protection near closure works
CLO0601 Function of a bed protection
CLO0602 Stability of a bed protection
CLO0603 Length of a bed protection
CLO0604 Calculation of a scouring hole
CLO0611 Stability under current attack
CLO0613 The Knauss and TAW formula (CRESS routine 612)
CLO0616 The Shields and Pilarczyk formula (CRESS routine 611)

Insight in physics
and
resulting design criteria
s
u
op
b
H
D
=
A
u
o

cos

o
b
op
s
cr
cos F
=
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
A =
bkD
k'
re-use of old blocks (placed vertically)

o
b
op
s
cr
cos F
=
D
H
|
.
|

\
|
A
Improvement works
space
r
Filters
For high hydraulic loading (waves), combination of geotextile and
granular layer is usually needed
Transitions
Example from Central Vietnam
Mehkong: sand bags
Execution and quality control
Quality control; Vietnamese examples
Grouted blocks/stones
on long term
Internal erosion
Quality of execution: compaction of clay
Inspection
monitoring & repair
http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/default.htm?http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/brk8001.htm

Also:
http://ikm.nl/rwscress/
download RWS-Cress (English version)
download IHE-Cress (Windows version)

Quality
control system
Conclusions
Integrated approach
Thank you for your
attantion