Cee 451 Lecture 9

1
LAMINAR PLANE COUETTE AND OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

The basic equations of incompressible Newtonian fluid mechanics are
the incompressible forms of the Navier-Stokes equations and the
continuity equation:
These equations specify four equations (continuity is a scalar equation,
Navier-Stokes is a vector equation) in four unknowns u
i
(i = 1..3) and p.
i
j j
i
2
i j
i
j
i
g
x x
u
x
p 1
x
u
u
t
u
+
c c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
x
u
i
i
=
c
c
2
The physical meaning of the terms in the Navier-Stokes equations can
be interpreted as follows. Multiplying by and using continuity, the
equations can be rewritten as
Term A ~ time rate of change of momentum

Term B ~ pressure force

Term C ~ net convective inflow rate of momentum ~ inertial force

Term D ~ viscous force ~ net diffusive inflow rate of momentum

Term E ~ gravitational force
( )
i
j
i
j
j i
j i
i
g
x
u
x
u u
x x
p
t
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
A B C D E
3
We make the transformations (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) = (u, v, w) and (g
1
, g
2
, g
3
) =
(g
x
, g
y
, g
z
). Expanding out the equations we then obtain the following
forms for the Navier-Stokes equations:
and the following form for continuity:
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
g
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p 1
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
g
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p 1
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
g
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p 1
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
4
The simplest flow we can consider is constant rectilinear flow. For
example, consider a flow with constant velocity U in the x direction and
vanishing velocity in the other directions, i.e. (u, v, w) = (U, 0, 0). This
flow is an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and continuity.
x
y
U
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
g
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p 1
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
g
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p 1
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
g
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p 1
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Thus for any constant rectilinear
flow, all that needs to be satisfied is
the hydrostatic pressure distribution
(even though there is flow):
z
y
x
g
z
p 1
0
g
y
p 1
0
g
x
p 1
0
+
c
c
=
+
c
c
=
+
c
c
=
or
i
i
g
x
p
=
c
c
5
For plane Couette flow we make the following assumptions:
the flow is steady (c/ct = 0) and directed in the x direction, so that the
only velocity component that is nonzero is u (v = w = 0);
the flow is uniform in the x direction and the z direction (out of the
page), so that c/cx = c/cz = 0;
the z direction is upward vertical;
the plate at y = 0 is fixed; and
the plate at y = H is moving with constant speed U

For such a flow the only component of the viscous stress tensor is
t
t
y
x
u
moving with velocity U
fixed
fluid
t t = t = t
xy 21 12
H
6
That is, the components of the viscous stress tensor are
t
t
y
x
u
fixed
fluid
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= t
0 0 0
0 0
dy
du
0
dy
du
0
z
w
2
y
w
z
v
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
v
y
v
2
x
v
y
u
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
2
v
ij
Here we abbreviate
t = t
dy
du
xy
H
7
Thus u = u(y) only, and v = w = 0. This result automatically satisfies
continuity:
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Momentum balance in the x, y and z directions (z is upward vertical)
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
g
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p 1
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
g
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p 1
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
g
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p 1
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
g =
8
Momentum balance in the z direction (out of the page):
t
t
y
x
u
fixed
fluid
g
dz
dp
g
dz
dp 1
0 =
=
That is, the pressure distribution is hydrostatic. Recall that the general
relation for a pressure distribution p
h
obeying the hydrostatic relation is:
i
i
g
x
p
=
c
c
H
9
Momentum balance in the x (streamwise) direction:
t
t
y
x
u
fixed
fluid
The no-slip boundary conditions of a viscous fluid apply:
the tangential component of fluid velocity at a boundary = the velocity
of the boundary (fluid sticks to boundary)
U u , 0 u
H y 0 y
= =
= =
dy
du
where 0
dy
d
or
dy
u d
0
2
2
v = t =
t
=
H
10
Integrate once:
t
t
y
x
u
fixed
fluid
Thus the shear stress t must be constant on the domain.
U u , 0 u
H y 0 y
= =
= =
dy
du
where C or C
dy
du
1 1
v = t v = t =
H
Integrate again:
Apply the boundary conditions to obtain
C
2
= 0, C
1
= U/H and thus
2 1
C y C u + =
H
U
H
U
,
H
y
U u = v = t =
11
For open-channel flow in a wide channel we make the following
assumptions:
the channel has streamwise slope angle u;
x denotes a streamwise (not horizontal) coordinate, z denotes an
upward normal (not vertical) coordinate and y denotes a cross-
stream horizontal coordinate;
the flow is steady (c/ct = 0) and directed in the x direction, so that the
only velocity component that is nonzero is u (v = w = 0);
the flow is uniform in the x direction and the y direction (out of the
page), so that c/cx = c/cy = 0;
the bottom of the channel at z = 0 is fixed;
there is no applied stress at the free surface where z = H.
H
x
z
u
t
u
12
The channel width is denoted as B. It is assumed that the channel is
sufficiently wide (B/H << 1) so that sidewall effects can be ignored.

Thus streamwise velocity u is a function of upward normal distance z
alone, i.e. u = u(z).
H
B
The vector of gravitational acceleration is (g
x
, g
y
, g
z
) = (gsinu, 0, -gcosu)
H
x
z
u
t
u
g
gcosu
gsinu
13
H
x
z
u
t
u
Continuity is satisfied if u = u(z) and v = w = 0.
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
The equations of conservation of streamwise and upward normal
momentum reduce to:
u
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
u +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
cos g
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p 1
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
sin g
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p 1
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
14
H
x
z
u
t
u
The equations thus reduce to:
u
=
u + v =
cos g
dz
dp 1
0
sin g
dz
u d
0
2
2
Since
dz
du
x
w
z
u
31 13
v =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
v = t = t
The first equation can thus be rewritten as
u =
t
= sin g
dz
d
0
where t is an abbreviation for t
13
= t
31
.
15
H
x
z
u
t
u
Assuming that a) pressure is given in gage pressure (i.e. relative to
atmospheric pressure) and there is no wind blowing at the liquid
surface, the boundary conditions on
u = u = v =
t
cos g
dz
dp
, sin g
dz
u d
dz
d
2
2
are
0 p
0
0 u
H z
H z
0 z
=
= t
=
=
=
=
viscous fluid sticks to immobile bed
no applied shear stress as free surface
gage pressure at free surface = 0
(surface pressure = atmospheric)
16
Now the condition
u = cos g
dz
dp
states that the hydrostatic relation prevails perpendicular to the
streamlines (which are in the x direction). Integrating the relation with
the aid of the boundary condition
0 p
H z
=
=
yields a pressure distribution that varys linearly in z:
H
z
, ) 1 ( cos gH p = , , u =
H
x
z
u
t
u
p
17
The equation
u =
t
sin g
dz
d
subject to
0
H z
= t
=
similarly yields a linear distribution for shear stress t in the z direction:
H
z
, ) 1 ( sin gH = , , u = t
H
x
z
u
t
u
Note that the bed shear stress
t
b
at z = 0 is given as
u = t sin gH
b
18
Thus
|
.
|
\
|
u = v = t
H
z
1 sin gH
dz
du
subject to
0 u
0 z
=
=
Integrates to give the following parabolic profile for u in z:
H
z
,
2
1
sin H
g
u
2 2
= ,
|
.
|
\
|
, , u
v
=
H
x
z
u
t
u
19
The maximum velocity U
s
is reached at the free surface, where z = H
and , = 1);
Thus
H
z
,
2
1
2
U
u
2
s
= ,
|
.
|
\
|
, , =
H
x
z
u
t
u
u
v
= sin H
g
2
1
U
2
s
Depth-averaged flow velocity U is given as
} }
, = =
1
0
H
0
ud udz
H
1
U
Thus
2
3
U
U
, sin H
g
3
1
U
s
2
= u
v
=
20
A dimensionless bed friction coefficient C
f
can be defined as
Here C
f
= f/8 where f denotes the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient.
Between the above relation and the relations below
H
x
z
u
t
u
2
b
f
U
C
t
=
it can be shown that
Here Re denotes the
dimensionless Reynolds No. of
the flow, which scales the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces.
, sin H
g
3
1
U
2
u
v
=
u = t sin gH
b
v
= =
UH
,
3
C
f
Re
Re
21
Now suppose that there is a wind blowing upstream at the free surface,
exerting shear stress t
w
in the x direction. The governing equations
of the free surface flow remain the same as in Slide 15, but one of the
boundary conditions changes to
w
H z
t = t
=
H
x
z
u
t
w
u
The corresponding solution to the problem is
, ) r 1 ( sin gH , u = t
H
z
,
2
1
) r 1 ( sin H
g
u
2 2
= ,
(
, , u
v
=
where r is the dimensionless ratio of the wind shear stress pushing the
flow upstream to the force of gravity per unit bed area pulling the flow
downstream:
H sin g
r
w
u
t
=
22
The solution for velocity with the case of wind can be rewritten as
where u
nd
is a dimensionless velocity equal to 2uv/(gsinuH
2
).
,
H
z
,
2
1
) r 1 ( 2 u
2
nd
= ,
(
, , =
A plot is given below of u
nd
versus , for the cases r = 0. 0.25, 0.5, 1 and
1.5.
H sin g
r
w
u
t
=
Velocity Distribution with Wind
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
u
nd
,
r = 0
(no wind)
r = 0.25 r = 0.5
r = 1 r = 1.5

Cee 451 Lecture 9

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1

LAMINAR PLANE COUETTE AND OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

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