Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Our backgrounds
...
Syllabus
www.bsos.umd.edu/hesp/mwinn
Exams,
ASHA guidelines
Communication between clinicians Understanding of the speech mechanism Physical and theoretical properties of speech sounds
Phonetics
Kinds of Phonetics
What is being said? How do we classify sounds that we make in speech? What are the physical properties of speech sounds?
http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/index.html
Acoustic phonetics
What are the physical properties of speech sounds?
Auditory Phonetics
How do we organize speech sounds in our ears and in our brains?
Clinical Phonetics
etc.
Spelling
Wood would Fly high Here hear Cough scoff Mission ration fishing Mission fission
word a normal, typewritten word in plain English / word / the basic idea we have about how a word is pronounced [ word ] an actual pronunciation of a word (usually from an audio recording)
Terms: Phoneme:
A sound in a language
cat
has three sounds, each of which can distinguish its meaning from another word rat kit cab If you change any of the three sounds, the word no longer means the same thing.
Understanding phonemes
Boat
oa /o/
Activity
Cough rough
Shoe sue Shoe stew Flew stew Correct collect Mice nice Wail sale Wail where
Phoneme categorization
Still, we can learn to put these physically different sounds into categories.
Allophones
Allophone examples
Keep and Keep (unreleased or released final sound) Light and Dark L sounds
Little
vs ball
Allophone example
/ ph I t / pit
/ s p I t / spit
Allophones
Phonemes
Japanese /r/
p h o n e p h o n e
[l]
[r]
[l]
[r]
Allophones
See
Phonemes
English /i/
p h o n e p h o n e
Finnish / i / / i: /
p h o n e p h o n e
Sika Siika
[i]
[ i: ]
[i]
[ i: ]
Phonemes in Sindhi
Non-phonemic phones
Clicks
Other sounds
b Normal use
So far...
May not reflect sound contrasts May imply false contrasts Is not consistent
This is language-specific
Kinds of transcription
If we use Broad Transcription, we just use the intended phoneme and disregard the slight variation
All bs are bs
The IPA
Purpose Guiding principle: one sound = one symbol A different symbol for each distinctive sound The same symbol should be used for that sound in every language which uses it Simple symbols for major sounds (from the roman alphabet where possible) Diacritics are used for minor modifications
IPA symbols
/ j / = y th
sh and ch
ng classification
Sound inventories
Combining sounds
Syllables
Definition?
Word behave
Syllable Syllable onset rhyme
nucleus coda
onset
rhyme
nucleus coda
ve
Kinds of Syllables
Open syllables
Closed syllables
Not all sounds are permitted in any position / in any combination in a syllable.
Stress
= lexical stress = accent An increase in muscular force for one vowel in a word General tendencies:
Types of stress
Stress
If you can sing it long... it is probably the If you say it loud stressed syllable when youre mad... Which syllable is stressed?
second syllable
stressed: verb
Interchangeable stress
Inside Hello
Non-Interchangeable stress
Transcription of stress
Transcr|ibe
Insert | before the stressed syllable (or vowel) Insert | before a syllable (vowel) of secondary stress
(this one is not as important)
Pr|emon|ition
|Invoice
So far...
Syllables Stress
( Handout)