Fundamentals

of UNIX
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Chapter 1
UNIX Operating System

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Objectives
In this session, you learn about: The functions of OS The history of Unix The features of UNIX The Unix architecture Process management File management

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Operating System (OS)

OS is a system software

OS can be defined as an organized collection of software consisting of procedures for operating a computer
OS provides an environment for execution of programs OS acts as an interface between the user and the hardware of the computer system.

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Operating System
Operating system interacts with user in two ways Operating system commands Enables user to interact directly with the operating system. Operating system calls Provides an interface to a running program and the operating system. System calls in UNIX are written in C.

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History of UNIX
Ken Thompson of AT&T Bell Laboratories designed UNIX in late 1960s

Two versions of UNIX that emerged are AT&T Unix and BSD Unix
In 1989, AT&T and Sun Microsystems joined together and developed system V release 4 (SVR4) Two of the main standards mainly in use are POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) and X/open standard. In 1988, MIT formed Xconsortium developed vendor-neutral Xwindow System.
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Features of UNIX
UNIX is multi tasking and multi user operating system UNIX is a character user interface (CUI ) operating system UNIX is a open source operating system Portability Can we use it on any OS Modularity Can change the source code File structure Security Strong networking support & advanced graphics

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Layered Architecture

... cp comp shell as ld

banner ls

kernel hardware

sort

sh who a.out

vi
ed

date grep
wc

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Layers

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Shell
Acts as an interface between user and kernel User commands will be interprets and carried out to kernel. Its features include control flow primitives, parameter passing, variables and string substitution.

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Kernel
Kernel will act as a interface between shell and hardware components. Core of the operating system Collection of system calls mostly written in C language Interacts directly with the hardware Allocates time and memory to programs and facilities IPCs Helps in I/O services,

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Standard directories in UNIX

/root

/etc

/bin

/usr

/dev

/lib

/tmp

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/etc

stores the system administration utility files stores the most commonly used unix commands stores all user home directories and some Unix commands

/bin

/usr

/dev
/lib /tmp

stores all device files

stores library files for C programming used for temporary storage

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Determining file access permission

Rwx owner ls l total 240

-rwxr-x-r--

rwx group

rwx other

A
3 sampath nipuna 2080 oct 10 09:34 mydoc.doc

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File access permissions

A- total number of disk blocks occupied by the files B- type of the file - ordinary file d directory c- character device b block device C- its access permissions D- number of links to the file E- the owner of the file F- the group of the owner of the file G- the size of the file in bytes H- the date and time of last modification I the file name

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Absolute mode
Based on octal numbers No access 0 Execute access only 1 Write access only 2 Read access only 4 Write and execute access 2+1= 3 Read and execute 4+1= 5 $chmod 400 mydoc.doc Exercise Write the command to change the permission of the file mydoc.doc Read and write for the owner Write and execute for the group Execute only for others ( both in symbolic and absolute)

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 cat command
Helps you to create a file $ cat > filename cat filename helps to view the contents of the file.

touch command
-- Will allow to create multiple 0 byte files $ touch file1 file2 file3

VI command
$ vi <filename> If the file doesnt exist, it will create otherwise open the existing one.

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Creating a directory
You can create a directory by using the mkdir command. For example, to create a directory named dir1 within the current working directory:
$ mkdir dir1 $ mkdir /usr/user1/dir1 Options

cd command To change the directory to dir1 type cd dir1 pwd To see the current working directory

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Removing a directory
Removes a directory To remove a directory
Must be empty Should not be the current directory or at a higher level Should not be the home directory -p -> Removes all directories along the path name specified $ rmdir -p /home/demo/mydir

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Removing files
To delete a file
$ rm <file_name>

You can remove more than one file at a time.

$ rm oldbills oldnotes oldjokes would remove the three named files. Options -r recursive -i interactive mode -f forceful

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Basic commands for file handling

ls command Lists the contents of your current working directory Few useful options with ls are: -l -a -i -x -C -R -F like*/=@| list in long format all files including those which begin with

dot
list the inode number in the first column sorts in multi column output across the page displays file in columns recursively list all directories and subdirectories indicates the type if files using symbols

-ld

long listing of files in a directory

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File management utilities

cp : copy a file $cp <file1> <file2> mv : move / rename a file $ mv <file1> <file2> $ mv file1 file2 $ mv dir1/f ile1 dir2/fil2

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wc
wc word count
-c character count -w word count -l line count $ wc employee To count the number of files in a directory To count the number of users currently logged in WC l file1 WC c file1 Wc w fil1

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tr
Translates the input into some other form Eg: Convert all lowercase to uppercase
tr [a-z] [A-Z] file1

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FIND
find command
Helps to find a file in the specified directory The syntax is find <path> -name <filename> find . name doc1.doc find . /tmp/project name new_data find /usr type d name backup

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File Comparisons
comm : displays common lines in the two files cmp : to compare two files diff : reports the difference between two files uniq : display the duplicate and unique lines of a file

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comm
Customer A Navneet Neeraj Ritu Jamil Richa Rachna Ritu Neeru Joby Seema customer B

$ Comm customer A customer B

Navneet Neeraj Jamil Richa

Rachna Neeru Joby Seema

Ritu

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cmp
Compares two files $ cmp file1 file2 Eg: document1 document2 This is a document. This a document. $cmp document1 document2 document1 document2 differ : char 6, line 1

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diff
$ Reports the difference between two files diff [options] [file1][file2] -b ignore trailing blanks -h used for files of unlimited length file1 cal cp crypt z $ diff file1 file2 4c4 <z ---->cut file2 cal cp crypt cut

Eg:

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uniq
Displays the duplicate and unique line of a file $ uniq [option..] <filename>
-u display only the unique lines -d display only the duplicate lines -c display all lines each preceded by the count of the records.

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uniq
Emp.dat E001 Shagufa C005 MKT E002 Shekhar C001 MKT E004 Anurag A001 PROD E004 Anurag A001 PROD E005 Madhu A002 ADMIN E005 Madhu A002 ADMIN $uniq emp.dat ( avoids duplicate lines, E004 and 5 are printed only once)

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Miscellaneous Sending and receiving mails

$ mail <login name >
mail neeraj Subject : . <ctrl+d>

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Input/ output redirection

Input redirection Output redirection Standard error redirection

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Input redirection
Changing the default input source Input redirection operator < $ command <filename After the execution the standard input is reassigned to the default device Eg :
$ cat <emp.dat ( similar output will be displayed by cat emp.dat)

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Output redirection
Changing the default destination of the output The output redirection operator : > $ command > filename After the execution the standard output is reassigned to the default device Eg:
$ cat emp.dat > emp.out $ date > todays_date $ cat > file1 $ cat >> file2

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Standard error redirection

0 standard input 1 standard output 2 standard error $ command 2 > err_file Eg :
$ cat emp.dat > newemp 2 > emp_err

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Pipes and filters

Pipes :Connects two or more commands Filters : Unix command which takes its input from standard input processes or filters it and generates and output.
grep sort cut paste head tail wc pg More tr

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Filters: grep
grep ( global search for regular expression and print) grep is the standard file searching and selection utility $ grep [options] pattern <filename> Options :
-n : prints line numbers -v: the reverse search criterion -c: display only a count of matching patterns

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grep
grep madhu emp.dat
Display the line(s) containing the string madhu.

grep n anurag emp.dat

Display the lines containing the string anurag preceded by the line number

grep v Madhu emp.dat

Display the lines of the file excluding the lines contatining the string Madhu.

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sort
sort [options] [-o output file name] [file name] options
d letters, digits and blanks n sort on the numeric field r reverse sort u eliminate duplicate lines t filed separator o stores the output

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cut
Retrieves selected fields from a file $ cut [options] <filename> Options
-c selects characters specified by list -fselects fields specified by list -d field delimiter

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cut
$ cut c4-9 employee
Display characters 4 to 9 from each record

$ cut d " " f2-4 employee

Display 2-4 fields

$ cut f 4- employee
Display 4th field onwards

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paste
Merges files horizontally. $ paste <file1> <file2> Options d delimiter

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Head and tail

head employee will display first 10 lines head -5 employee tail employee last 10 lines from the employee tail -7 employee tail +10 employee display lines from 10th till the end of the file.

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Others

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The Unix manual

Information on all the commands can be found in the on-line manual pages. $man <command> Shows the details (syntax and description) of the command help, info

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vi

$ end of the current line ^ or 0 beginning of the current line w beginning of the next word W same as w, but ignores the punctuation b back to the beginning of the current word e end of the current word

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vi
Moving the cursor over the paragraph { to the beginning of the current paragraph } to the end of the current paragraph n{ nth paragraph above the current paragraph n} nth paragraph below the current paragraph Moving the cursor over sentences ( first character of the sentence ) last character of the sentence

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Screen movements
Ctrl+D scrolls down half a window Ctrl+U scrolls up half window Ctrl+B moves to the previous window Ctrl+F moves to the next window What is the command to move the cursor to the right by five words?

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Entering and deleting text

Append text :a, A Insert text Open a new line Delete : x nx dw ndw dd ndd :i, I :o, O

one character n characters current word n words line n lines

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Modifying text
r, R cw ncw cc ncc c$ replace character change current word change n words change current line change n lines changes remainder of the line

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Cutting and pasting

yy nyy yw nyw y$ yanks the current line and puts in the buffer yanks n lines yanks a word yanks n words yanks remainder of the line

P , p copy the contents of the current buffer U undo all changes to the current line u undo the last command

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Thank You

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