Grammar reference

INFINITIVE GERUND

INFINITIVE + TO
After adjectives and verbs: It is interesting to learn languages. After: It +is/was + adjective + of + substantive/pronoun: It was very kind of you to help the old lady After: adjective + for + object: It was very dificult for us to find out the truth After interrogative pronouns, except why: I didnt know what to say. After: would like/would prefer/would love-hate: Id love to play in the garden2.

INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
After modals: You must switch off you mobile in the library After: let/make+ object + infinitive: My parents didnt let me go out yesterday They made me stay at home BUT I was made to stay at home Help: with/without to: Can you help me (to) do this exercise? After sense verbs: see, hear, feel, smell, watch: I saw them play the match (from the beginning) I saw them playing football. After:would rather/sooner: Id rather stay

GERUND
After prepositions: I watch TV after doing the washing-up. As a Subject: Smoking is not healthy. Prohibitions in notices: No smoking, No parking. Genitive or Accusative(object) constructions: I dont like your saying that. Idont like you saying that. After: prefer + two actions:I prefer listening to talking. I prefer listening rather than talking.

VERBS + GERUND / INFINITIVE

Avoid Deny Finish Enjoy Fancy Keep Risk Keep on Feel like Give up Go on (not) mind Cannot stand cannot help be fond of look formward to be used to ts no good its (not) worth its no use miss there is no use no point what/how about be accustomed to Choose Decide Hope Promise Expect Learn Know Want Ask manage pretend convince persuade threaten consent refuse need Agree determine

VERBS WITH 2 MEANINGS

REMEMBER TO:acordarse de hacer algo (futuro). FORGET TO:olvidarse de hacer algo (futuro): Dont forget to come STOP TO (propsito): He stopped to do it TRY TO:intento He tried to do it MEAN TO: querer: I meant to tell you

REMEMBER+ING: recordar haber hecho algo: I remember going there once FORGET+ING: olvidar haber hecho algo:generalmente: Ill never forget hearing her. STOP+ING:cese de actividad: He stopped doing it TRY+ING: experimento Have you ever tried cooking it in wine? MEAN+ING:implicar The new orders will mean working overtime

FURTHER INFORMATION
BEGIN, START, CONTINUE, CEASE: Can take both-infinitive or gerund): I began working or I began to work BUT Verbs of knowing and understanding and matter + infinitive: I am beginning to understad/see/realice.... It ceased to matter whether or not he left his job CANT BEAR: NEGATIVE: can take both I cant bear waiting or I cant bear to wait INFINITIVE REFERS TO A DELIBERATE ACTION: I couldnt bear to tell him. INTEND: Infinitive more usual

FURTHER INFORMATION
ADVISE, ALLOW, PERMIT, RECOMMEND INFINITIVE: He allowed me to apply at once. She recommends housewifes to buy the big tins GERUND: He advised applying at once. She recommends buying the big tins They dont allow parking here NEEDS, REQUIRES, WANTS: The grass wants cutting BUT The grass needs to be cut