Medicine

By: Farah Nisa

Traditional Medicine
Herbal medicine
Plant : Garlic Part of the plant used : Corm Uses: For preventing flu attack For reducing high blood pressure Plant : Aloe vera Part of the plant used : Leaves Uses : For preventing itchyskin For treating burns(scalding) on the skin

Plant : Lemon (lime) Part of the plant used : Fruits Uses : For treating boils or abscesses on the skin For preventing flu attack For treating skin diseases

Plant : Tongkat Ali Part of the plant used : Roots Uses : As a tonic for after abirth and general health

Modern Medicine
Psychothera peutic Stimulants - stimulate (excite) the activity of the brain and central nervous system. Antidepressants - increase the brains level of neurotransmitters, thus improving mood. Antipsychotic medicines - Help the person live a more normal life.

Analgesics

Antibiotics

Aspirin - pain relief and antiinflammatory action Paracetamol - reduces fever and relieves pain Codeine - relive mirror tomoderate pain

Penicillin - treat diseases, caused by bacteria Streptomycinis - treating tuberculosis.

Side Effect
Traditional Medicine
- Photosensitivity Individuals taking St. John's wort to treat depression or anxiety may find their skin becoming more sensitive to the sun. They may burn more easily - Skin Irritation Topical herbal antifungal and antibacterial agents such as tea tree oil and lavender may cause rashes or skin irritation, especially if used at full strength. - Sleepiness Everyone's body is different, and some people are more sensitive to herbs than other people. Herbs used to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia may cause excessive daytime sleepiness in certain individuals. These herbs include chamomile, valerian and kava kava, with valerian and kava being the most likely culprits. Avoid driving or using machinery until you're sure of the effects of the herb.

Modern Medicine The Gamma Ray, used to eliminate cancerous cells around the brain without the use of open surgery, is another example where medical technology could have negative effects. Its intention was to cure people with cancerous cells in places of high risk or in places that could not be safely accessed by open surgery. The risk lies in the calculation of the amount of radiation that is directed at the cancer. If there is a miscalculation the laser may destroy the cancer and other cells around it, leading to brain damage. From these two examples one can see that there is a limit to how medical technology can be used. Drugs created by medical technology are intended to help humans recover from their illness or improve their condition, however they are harmful if taken in small dosages, in excess or if used in the wrong way. For example if more that 400mg of vitamin E if is taken a day it will act as a blood thinner. Large doses of vitamin A causes heart problems. An overdose of cold and fly medications can lead to liver failure. Medicine, such as antibiotics are often perceived to be of benefit to humans as it is commonly used to treat bacterial infectious diseases. On the other hand, antibiotics can have unpleasant consequences if taken in dosages that do not completely eradicate the pathogen, thereby contributing to resistance. Antibiotics can also be used abusively when physicians prescribe the drug unnecessarily or if patients become complacent and do not adhere to the necessary antibiotic therapy. From these examples it is easy to see that medicines can cause adverse effects if taken in excess, small dosages or if used in the wrong way.

Side Effect

Correct usage
To get the most benefit from your medicine you need to take the dose recommended for you, for the length of time advised.For medicines you have bought without a prescription, the dose is written on the carton or label and in the patient information leaflet. Do not take more than the maximum dose. For medicines that have been prescribed for you, the dose will be on the pharmacy label. This dose takes into account your age, weight, how ill you are and any other medicines you may be taking. Only change this dose if you have discussed it with the person who prescribed it. In general, a high dose of a medicine is more likely to cause side effects. However, high doses may be needed to ensure maximum benefit. With some medicines, you start on a low dose and gradually increase the dose. With other medicines you will stay on the same dose throughout your course of treatment. Sometimes, when you need to stop taking a medicine, your doctor will gradually reduce the dose to avoid unpleasant withdrawal effects. Important: check the patient information leaflet and speak to your doctor or pharmacist if you feel unwell after your dose has changed.

Drug Abuse
List of drug abuse
1. Heroin 2. Cocaine 3. Methamphethamine 4. Crack cocaine 5. LSD 6. Ectasy 7. Opium 8. Marijuana 9. Psilocybin mushroom 10. PCP

Reasons teenagers take drugs Stress Family problem Education Influence from friends Parents always busy working

Side Effect of drugs Types The FDAs role Suprising Result

Impacts of drug Abuse Effect on the brain Behavioral problems Birth defect Health problem Injuries

 Ways to prevent drug abuse

Using the FDA's MedWatch program to report serious adverse drug reactions. Reporting would allow the FDA to pass safety information on to other providers, require labeling changes, or even withdraw a drug from the market. MedWatch reports can be submitted through the FDA's Web site at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/ or by calling MedWatch at 1-800332-1088 to obtain the necessary forms.17 Improving incident reporting systems. The process of incident reporting can be streamlined to accommodate the health care provider's busy schedule and can offer feedback indicating that reported information is being used. Health care workers sometimes do not recognize that a change in a patient's condition is due to pharmaceutical treatment. Therefore, workers should be educated to identify signs and symptoms that might indicate an ADE and thus increase reporting of ADEs.3 Creating a better atmosphere for health care providers to report ADEs where the person reporting the error does not fear repercussions or punishment.19 As the aviation industry has discovered, punishment is a deterrent to reporting an error; if an error is not reported, nothing can be done to correct the situation that created the potential for error.8 Health care personnel can find it difficult to acknowledge that they make mistakes.26

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