AU-4 POINTER

Pointer at AU provides Dynamic alignment of VC-n with in the AU-n frame ,VC-n is allowed to Float with in the AU-n. Pointer is able to accommodate differences in Phases of the VC-n and SOH In frame rates (frequencies) also

AU-4 POINTER LOCATION

AU-4 pointer is contained in the H1,H2,H3 bytes of the 4th row of SOH.
The 3 individual AU-3 pointer are contained in three separate sets of H1,H2 &H3 bytes

10

AUG

270

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Negative Justification opportunoity (3 byte) Positive justification opportunity (3 byte) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 0- 1 86 -

521 522 782 125s

H1 Y Y

H2

1*

1* H3 H3 H3

86

250s
AU-4 POINTER OFFSET NUMBERING.

AU4 POINTER VALUE

Pointer value contained in the H1 and H2 byte designate the location of byte where VC-4 begins. The two byte allocated to the pointer function can be viewed as one word. The last ten bits of the pointer (7-16) of the pointer carry the pointer value. H3 byte is used for negative Justification which may then is filled with data

POINTER BITS
HI

New Data Flag

unspecified

10 bit pointer value

D
H2

THREE NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION BYTE

3*H3

I Increment, D Decrement, N New Data Flag . Negative Justification - Invert 5 D- Bits - Accept Majority Vote Decision Positive Justification - Invert 5 I- Bits - Accept Majority Vote Decision

PARAMETER MEANING
NDF=Enabled when 3 out of 4 bits matches with 1001 =Disabled when 3 out of 4 bits matches with 0110

=Invalid for other codes Purpose= To change the value of pointer arbitrarily

BITS 7 TO 16
ACTUAL POINTER RESIDES HERE The AU-4 pointer value is binary number with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three bytes increments,between the pointer and the first byte of VC-4.

Frequency Justification
If there is frequency offset between the frame rate of AU4 and that of the VC_4, than the pointer value will be incremented or decremented as needed.
This should be accompanied by a corresponding positive or negative justification byte or bytes. Consecutive pointer operations must be separated by at least three frames in which the pointer value remains constant.

MEANING OF POINTER VALUE

The pointer value of 0 indicate that the VC-4 starts in the bytes location that immediately follows the last H3 byte.

10

AUG

270

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Negative Justification opportunoity (3 byte) Positive justification opportunity (3 byte) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 K2 H3 H3 - 1 - 86 86 - 86 85

87 87

521521521
522

125s

782782782 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 K2 0 86 86 86

250s
AU-3 POINTER OFFSET NUMBERING.

Positive justification
If the frame rate of the VC-4 is slow w.r.t. that of the AU-4, then the alignment of the VC-4 must periodically slip back in time and pointer value Must be incremented by one. This operation is indicated by inverting bits 7,9,11, 13,15(I bits) of the pointer word. There majority vote of decision will be accepted By the receiver.

Three positive justification bytes appear immediately after the last H3 byte in the AU-4 frame inverted I bits. The data will be shifted by three byte. Subsequent pointers will contain the new offset.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Start of VC-$ H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3

AUG

270

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1

FRAME 1

1 4

125m
POINTER VALUE (N) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 9 1

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3 POINTER VALUE (I -BITS INVERTED)) POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION BYTES (3 BYTE0 FRAME 2

250m

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1

FRAME-3

9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3

375m
POINTER VALUE (N+1) FRAME 4

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 500m

AU-4 POINTER ADJUSTIFICATION OPERATION- - POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION

Negative justification
If the frame rate of the VC-4 is too fast w.r.t. that of the AU-4, then the alignment of the VC-4 must periodically be advanced in time and pointer value must be decremented by one.

This operation is indicated by inverting bits 8,10,12, 14,16(D bits) of the pointer word. There majority vote of decision will be accepted by the receiver.

Three negative justification bytes appear immediately in the H3 bytes in the AU-4 frame containing inverted D bits. The data will be shifted by three byte. Subsequent pointers will contain the new offset.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Start of VC-$ H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3

AUG

270

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1

FRAME 1

1 4

125m
POINTER VALUE (N) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 9 1

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3 POINTER VALUE (I -BITS INVERTED)) POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION BYTES (3 BYTE0 FRAME 2

250m

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1

FRAME-3

9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3

375m
POINTER VALUE (N+1) FRAME 4

n-1 n n n n+1 n+1 500m

AU-4 POINTER ADJUSTIFICATION OPERATION- - POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION

New data flag ( NDF)

Bits (1-4) of pointer word carry an NDF which allows an arbitrary change of the pointer value It that change is due to a change in the payload. Normal(disable) operation is indicated by a 0110 code Inverted(enable) operation is indicated by a 1001code An NDF operation is enabled when 3 out of 4 bits match with the pattern 1001 An NDF operation is disabled when 3 out of 4 bits match with the pattern 0110

The remaining values (0000 0011 0101 1010 1100 and 1111) should be interpreted as invalid.

Pointer generation
The following summarizes the rules for generating the AU-n pointer. 1. During normal operation, the pointer locates the start of the VC-4 within the AU-4 frame. the NDF is set to 0110. 2. The pointer value can be changed by operation 3,4,5. 3.If a positive justification in required. A-The current pointer value is sent with I-bits Inverted,and the positive justification opportunity is filled with dummy information.

B- Subsequently pointer value contain in the previous Pointer is incremented by one. C- No subsequent increment or decrement operation is allowed at least three frames following this operation 4-If a negative justification is required. A-The current pointer value is sent with D-bits inverted,and the negative justification opportunity is over written with actual data. B- Subsequently pointer value contain in the previous pointer is decremented by one.

C- No subsequent increment or decrement operation is allowed at least three frames following this operation 5- A-If the alignment of the VC-4 changes for any reason other than rules 3 or 4,the new pointer value shall be sent accompanied by NDF set to 1001 B-The NDF only appears in the first frame that contains the new values. C-The location of the VC-4 begins at the first occurrence of the offset indicated by the pointer. D- No subsequent increment or decrement operation is allowed at least three frames following this operation

Pointer interpretation
The following summarizes the rules for interpreting the AU-n pointer. 1. During normal operation, the pointer locates the start of the VC-4 within the AU-4 frame. 2.Any variation from the current pointer value is ignored unless a new value is received three times Consecutively or it is preceded by one of rules 3,4 or5 .Any consistent new value received three times consecutively overrides rule 3 or 4.

Pointer interpretation (continued)

3- If the majority of the I- bits of the pointer word are inverted,positive justification operation is indicated. As a result pointer value will be incremented by one.
4- If the majority of the D- bits of the pointer word are inverted,negative justification operation is indicated.As a result pointer value will be decremented by one.

5-If the NDF is interpreted as enabled, then new pointer value will set in first frame only.

AU-4 concatenation pointers always to show that the multi container-4 payload carried in a single should be kept. For example STM-4 & STM-16.

TU-3 pointer
TU-3 Pointer provides a method of allowing Dynamic alignment of VC-3 within the TU-3 frame, Independent of the actual content of the VC-3.

Three individual pointers are contained in three Separate bytes H1,H2,H3. Actual pointer is in the bytes H1 andH2 Only

AUG=9*270 261
J1 H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3 0 0 0 1 84 84 84

AU-4 POINTER

B3 C2 G1 F2 H4

85 85 85 86

FIXED STUFF

F3 K3 N1 J1

FIXED STUFF

593 594 594 594 H1 H2 H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3 0 0 0 1 764 764 764 84 84 84

B3 H3

AU-4 POINTER

C2 G1

ALTTC GZB

TX-I/SDH/POINTER

29

TU-1 POINTER TU1 pointer is contained in the V1 and V2 bytes of the TU1 multi-frame V1, V2 & V3 together form a pointer set Similar to Hi,H2&H3 of VC-3 Here two s bits(5&6) indicate the Type of the TU(it may contain 2mb or 1.5 mb)

TU12
V1 VC12
V5

V2

J2

V3

144BYTES

N2

140 BYTES

V4

K4

TU-12 POINTER OPERATION In the normal course the first byte read by the pointer will be the first byte just after the V3 byte . If the VC-12 is fast or slow Then pointer is incremented or decremented
Followed by negative (V3)or positive Justification respectively first byte just after V3 will be =ve justification byte

Limits of TU-12 Pointers

Normally the VC-12 is 140 bytes in 500 microseconds . Pointer can take care of one byte shift either way. Hence the minimum and maximum allowable range for the rate of VC-12 will be
139*8*1000000/500 = 2224kb/s .
141*8*1000000/500 =2256kb/s

Or

Normal rate is 140*8*1000000/500=2240kb/s