:jfut tyf gd:sf/

;'lgns'df/ l;+x
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
1

al/i7 s[lif cy{lj1

k|:t'ltsf] laifoj:t'
s= s[lif aLdfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

v= cg'bfgsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx?

v= afnL tyf kz'wg aLdfsf] lk|ldoddf cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)&)

s[lif aLdfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

!=s[lif aLdfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdM

!=! zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsfnLg sfo{of]hgf, @)^( df df5f, kz'kG5L / s[lif pkhsf] Joj;flos pTkfbgdf hf]lvd aLdf ul/lbg] / ;f] aLdfsf] lk|ldodsf] %) k|ltzt /sd ;/sf/n] cg'bfgsf] ?kdf pknAw

u/fpg] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd /x]sf] .

!= s[lif aLdfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdM

!=@= cf=j=@)^(.&) sf] k"0f{ ah]6 jtmJodf s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f u/L s[ifsn] df5f, kz'kG5L / s[lif pkhdf u/]sf] nufgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ @)^( df3 ! ut] b]lv nfu" ePsf] df5f, kz'kG5L / jfnL aLdf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL s[ifsx?n]

lt/]sf] aLdf lk|ldod jfktsf] %) k|ltzt /sd

cg'bfg

:j?k g]kfn
5

;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{ u/L ?= @ s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]

!=s[lif aLdfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdM

!=#= g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&) @( sf] a}7s lg0f{ocg';f/

/ dlGqkl/ifb\, cfly{s tyf k"jf{wf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&) #!( sf] a}7saf6
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L afnL tyf kz'wg aLdfsf] lk|ldoddf u/fpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)&) :jLs[t u/L nfu" u/]sf] .
6

cg'bfg

pknAw

!=s[lif aLdfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdM

!=$= rfn' cf=j=@)&).&! sf] ah]6 jtmJodf s[lifsf]
Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f u/L s[ifsn] s[lifIf]qdf u/]sf]] nufgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ s[ifsn] ltg]{ aLdf lk|ldoddf %) k|ltzt /sd cg'bfg lbg] ;f] sfo{qmdsf] nflu ?= !# s/f]8 %) nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] .
7

2. What is subsidy ?
1. A subsidy is monetary assistance granted by a government to a person or group in support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest. 2. A subsidy is financial assistance given by one person or government to another person or government. 3. A subsidy is money that is paid by a government or other authority in order to help an industry or business or to pay for a public service 8

3. Why subsidy ?
1. A government subsidy is money paid by the government in order to keep prices lower than their expected market value. 2. A government subsidy is typically used to keep an industry from going out of business or to encourage economic activities that would not occur otherwise.

3. Subsidies frequently result in a form of protectionism that results in less imports and more exports in the industry which is 9 receiving the subsidy

4. What are the advantages & disadvantages of a subsidy ?

ADVANTAGES OF A SUBSIDY

1. Reduces cost of production

2. Releases resources to be used for other purposes e.g. expansion (increased supply) 3. Increases the firms competitive edge in terms of prices. With subsidies they are able to cover cost without making their products unaffordable.
10

4. What are the advantages & disavantages of a subsidy ?

DISADVANTAGES OF A SUBSIDY

1. They are expensive

2. They may encourage inefficiency by relying more in the subsidy money

3. It is difficult to decide on who may receive a subsidy 4. They can create a production surplus which may end up as waste. 5. They encourage new entrants into the industry even when demand does not require these. 6. It increases dependence of firms and hence, might not provide motivation necessary for increasing efficiency and supply.

11

%= s] sf nflu s[lif aLdf <

s_ s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ v_ cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] nflu .

u_ s[lif C0f k|fKt ug{ ;lhnf]sf] nflu .

3_ s[lif Joj;fosf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu .
12

^= s[lif aLdf ug]{ s[ifsnfO{ cg'bfg lsg lbg] <

s= s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lif aLdf tkm{ cfslif{t ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg .
v_ aLdf sDkgLx?nfO{ s[lif aLdf Joj;fodf cfslif{t ug{ .

u_ s[lif Joj;fodf C0fsf] pknAwt ;xh agfpg .

3_ s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg . _ ;/sf/sf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{{ ;xof]u xfl;n ug{{ ;xof]u k'ofpg .
13

afnL tyf kz'wg aLdfsf] lk|ldoddf cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)&)
-g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ldltM @)&) .@.(_
14

-#_ p2]Zox? M o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M s[ifsx?sf] sfj' eGbf aflx/sf] kl/l:ytLaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f u/L s[ifsx?nfO{ Joj;flos v]tL tkm{ cfslif{t ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ . s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f u/L s[ifsn] df5f, kz'k+IfL / s[lif pkhdf u/]sf] nufgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ . s[lif If]qdf gLhL tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf]] nufgL cfslif{t ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
15

-$_ afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sf]if Joj:yfkg ;ldltM -s_ afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sf]if Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] . ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] .
;lrj, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno ;x;lrj, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno ;x;lrj, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u dxflgb]{zs, s[lif ljefu dxflgb]{zs, kz' ;]jf ljefu dGqfnon] dgf]gog u/]sf] aLdf sDkgLx? dWo]af6 ! hgf / s[lif lj1 jf kz' lj1af6 ! hgf k|ltlglw sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, aLdf ;ldlt cWoIf ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o;lrj

-$_ afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sf]if Joj:yfkg ;ldltM -v_ ;ldltdf dGqfnoaf6 dgf]lgt ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw b'O{ aif{sf] x'g] /

lghx? k'Mg dgf]gog x'g ;Sg] .

-u_ ;ldltsf] a}7s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g] / a}7s

;DalGw cGo sfo{ljlw ;ldlt cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] .

-3_ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno aLdf ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf /xg] .

;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M

s_ jfnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ljjfb Pj+ ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug]{ . v_ jfnL tyf kz'wg aLdf cg'bfgsf] nflu cfaZos kg]{ aflif{s ah]6 /sd cg'dfg u/L dGqfnodf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ . u_ jfnL tyf kz'wg aLdf ug]{ sDkgLnfO{ aLdf lk|ldodsf] %) k|ltzt ;Dd /sd cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . 3_ jLds sDkgLx?af6 aLdf n]v adf]lhd s[ifsx?nfO{ ;xh?kdf bfjL e'tmfgL pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . _ AffnL tyf kz'wg aLdf ;DalGw cGo sfo{x? .
18

-%_ afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sf]ifsf] :yfkgf M

-s_ jfnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DjGwdf Ps 5'6\6} sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/g] . -v_ afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sf]ifdf b]xfosf /sdx? /xg] . -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sd, -@_ /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 s[lif tyf kz'wg aLdfsf] nflu k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u /sd, -#_ :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d"bfo tyf ;d"xaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd . -$_ cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd . -u_ pkbkmf -v_ sf] -@_ adf]lhdsf] /sd k|fKt ug'{ cl3 cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[t lng' kg]{ .
19

-^_ sf]ifsf] ;+rfng ;DjGwL Joj:yf M

-s_ sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g] /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] s ju{sf] a}+sdf ;ldltsf] gfddf vftf vf]nL hDdf ul/g] . -v_ sf]ifsf] vftf ;~rfng ;ldltsf] cWoIf / ;b:o ;lrjsf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtaf6 ul/g] . -u_ sf]ifaf6 aLdf lk|ldod cg'bfgsf] nflu dfq vr{ ul/g] . -3_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L ePsf jf hf/L x'g] gLlt lgb]{zg adf]lhd afnL tyf kz'fwg aLdfdf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g] -_ ;ldltn] cfaZos 7fg]df sf]ifsf] ;+rfngsf nflu 5'} lgb]{lzsf jgfO{ sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] .
20

-&_ sf]ifsf] n]vf / n]vfkl/If0fM

-s_ sf]ifsf] n]vf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[t n]vf k|0ffnL adf]lhd /flvg] .

-v_ sf]ifsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 ul/g] .

21

-*_ aLdf lk|ldod c'gbfg pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmofM

-s_ aflif{s sfo{qmd :jLs[t ePsf] x'g'kg]{ M jfnL tyf kz'wg aLdfsf] lk|ldod jfkt lbOg] cg'bfg /sd aflif{s ah]6 tyf :jLs[t sfo{qmdsf] ;Ldf leq /xL lbOg] . -v_ df5f, kz'kG5L / s[lif pkhsf] Joj;flos pTkfbg ug]{ Joltmn] jLdf cg'bfg :sLd cGtu{t jfnL tyf kz'wgsf] hf]lvd aLdf ug{ aLdf P]g, @)$( cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf] aLdf sDkgLdf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ .
22

-*_ aLdf lk|ldod c'gbfg pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof===

-u_ k|fKt lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df jfnL tyf kz'wgsf] aLdf
;DalGwt aLdf sDkgLn] ug]{5g\ . o;/L aLdf ul/g] jfnL tyf kz'wgsf] s"n aLdf lk|ldod /sdsf] %) k|ltzt /sd aLdLtn]

ltg'{ kg]{5 / aLdLtn] aLdf lk|ldod /sd lt/]sf] ldltaf6 g}

aLdf n]v hf/L ePsf] dflgg] . xfnnfO{ aLdf lk|ldod cg'bfg :sLd cGtu{t k|lt aLdfsf] clwstd ;Ldf ?= ! s/f]8 ;Ddsf] dfq
23

-*_ aLdf lk|ldod c'gbfg pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof===

-3_ afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf ug]{ aLdf sDkgLn] afFsL %) k|ltzt lk|ldod /sd afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL lng' kg]{5 . ;f]sf] nflu aLdf sDkgLn] aLdfn]vsf] k|ltlnlk / ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/; kq h:tf sfuhft clgjfo{ ?kdf aLdf u/]sf] #) lbg leq ;ldltdf k]z ug{' kg]{5 . o;/L k]z x'g cfPsf sfuhftx? ;ldltn] cWoog u/L e'QmfgLsf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg] . -_ aLdf ul/g] jfnL tyf kz'wgsf] aLdf /sd lgwf{/0f, aLdf lk|ldod /sd lgwf{/0f, bfjL e'tmfgL k|s[of / aLdf ;DaGwL cGo Aoj:yfx? afnL tyf kz'kG5L aLdf lgb]{zg, @)^( / ;DalGwt aLdf n]vdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] .

-(_ cg'udg ;DjlGw Joj:yf M

-s_ cg'bfg :sLd cGtu{t jfnL tyf kz'wgsf] hf]lvd aLdf ug]{ aLdsn] cfkm"n] hf/L u/]sf] afnL tyf kz'wg aLdf ;DaGwL aLdfn]v, To:tf] aLdf n]vn] l;h{gf u/]sf] bfloTj tyf hf]lvd tyf tf]ls lbP adf]lhdsf cGo ;"rgfx? ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k|To]s rf}dfl;s ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] kGw| !%_ lbg leq lgoldt ?kdf ;ldltdf ljj/0f k7fpg' kg]{{ . -v_ cg'bfg :sLd cGtu{t jfnL tyf kz'wgsf] hf]lvd aLdf ;b'kof]u / k|efjsfl/tf jf/] s]lGb|o:t/af6 cg'udg tyf d'Nofgsf] sfo{ dGqfno, aLdf ;ldlt / ;ldltaf6 x'g] . -u_ lhNnf:t/df lgoldt cg'udg tyf d'Nofgsf] sfo{ ;DalGwt sfof{no / ;f] cGtu{tsf] ;]jf s]Gb|pks]Gb||af6 x'g] .

-!)_ ljljwM
-s_ o; lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ePsf ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf s'g} lajfb ePdf ;f]sf] AofVof ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g] / ;f] afx]s cGo ljifodf aLdf P]g, @)$(, aLdf lgodfjnL, @)$(, afnL tyf kz'kG5L aLdf lgb]{zg, @)^(, aLdf n]v / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] . -v_ dGqfnosf] s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf tYof dxfzfvf AffnL tyf kz'wg aLdf ;DalGw sfo{x?sf] ;dGjosf nflu ;Dks{ laGb'sf] ?kdf /xg] .

26

jfnL tyf kz'kG5L aLdfsf] lk|ldod b/ aLdfsf] lsl;d jLdf z'Ns -lk|ldod_ aLdfsf] jfnL aLdf %

Ph]G6 sld;g -jLdf lk|ldodsf]_ !%

kz' aLdf kG5L aLdf Joj;flos 3/kfn'jf dT:o aLdf dT:o kf]v/L ;d]t

% & %
@ #

!% !%

!%
27

jfnL tyf kz'kG5L aLdfsf] lk|ldod b/ aLdfsf] lsl;d jLdf z'Ns -lk|ldod_ aLdfsf] s[ifs cg'bfg Ph]G6 sld;g

jfnL aLdf
kz' aLdf kG5L aLdf Joj;flos 3/kfn'jf

%
% & %

! nfv
@ nfv ! nfv ! nfv

@%))
%))) #%)) @%))

@%))
%))) #%)) @%))

!%
!% !%

&%)
!%)) !)%) &%)

dT:o aLdf dT:o kf]v/L ;d]t

@ #

% nfv ^ nfv

%))) ()))

%))) ()))

!%

!%)) @&))
28

29