Pakistan

 Background: The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan
(with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily
resolved. A third war between these countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan
seceding and becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian
nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over
the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but recent discussions and confidence-building
measures may be a start toward lessened tensions.
 Geography:
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and
Afghanistan on the west and China in the north
 Area: total: 803,940 sq km
Land: 778,720 sq km
Water: 25,220 sq km
Land boundaries: total: 6,774 km
Border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912
km, Iran 909 km
Coastline: 1,046 km
Climate: mostly hot, dry desert, temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0m
Highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611m
Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and
west, flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
 Environment-current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial waters
resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
 Geography-note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes
between Central Asia and Indian Subcontinent
 People
Population: 159,196,336
Population growth rate: 98%
Birth rate: 31,22 births/1,000 population
Death rate: 8,67 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: -2,77 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Nationality: noun: Pakistani(s), adjective: Pakistani
Ethnic groups: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch,
Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)
 Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi’a 20%), Christian,
Hindu, and other 3%
Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi
variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%,
Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of
Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski,
and other 8%
 Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 45.7%
male: 59.8%
female: 30.6% (2003 est.)
 Government
Country name: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan
former: West Pakistan
Government type: federal republic
Capital: Islamabad
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered
Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh
note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and
the Northern Areas
 Independence: 14 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday: 23 March (1956)
Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended
15 October 1999, restored 31 December 2002
 Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic
state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
 Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-
Muslims
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats - formerly 87;
members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve four-year terms; and the National Assembly (342
seats - formerly 217; 60 seats represent women; 10 seats represent minorities; members elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 24 and 27 February 2003 (next to be held by February 2007); National Assembly -
last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held by October 2006)
election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PML/Q 40, PPPP 11, MMA 21,
MQM/A 6, PML/N 4, NA 3, PML/F 1, PkMAP 2, ANP 2, PPP/S 2, JWP 1, BNP-Awami 1, BNP-Mengal 1, BNM/H
1, independents 4; National Assembly results - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP
81, MMA 63, PML/N 19, MQM/A 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1, PAT 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1,
MQM/H 1, PkMAP 1, independents 3
 Judicial branch: Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court
Political pressure groups and leaders: military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy),
landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential
 Flag description: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side;
a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional
symbols of Islam
 Transnational Issues:
Disputes-international: Kashmir remains the world's largest and
most highly militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de
facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas), but
recent discussions and confidence-building measures among the
parties are beginning to defuse tensions; India does not recognize
Pakistan's ceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreement;
disputes with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing and the
terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch,
which prevents maritime boundary delimitation; Pakistani maps
continue to show Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; despite
largely successful UN efforts at voluntary repatriation, thousands of
Afghan refugees continue to reside in Pakistan; Pakistan has sent
troops into remote tribal areas to control the border with Afghanistan
to stem organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities;
regular meetings with Afghan and coalition allies aim to resolve
periodic claims of boundary encroachments
 Illicit drugs: opium poppy cultivation practically eliminated; key
transit point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western markets;
Afghan narcotics continue to transit Federally Administered Tribal
Areas, Balochistan Province, and Karachi; financial crimes related
to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain
problems
Pervez Musharraf
 General Pervez Musharraf, the second of three
brothers, was born in Delhi on August 11, 1943.
His parents chose to settle in Karachi after the
creation of Pakistan. He comes from a middle
class family, his father having worked for the
foreign ministry. He spent his early years in
Turkey, from 1949 to 1956, owing to his father, the
late Syed Musharrafu-ud-din’s deputation in
Ankara. Fluently he can converse in Turkish
language and claims that Kamal Ataturk is his
hero. On return to Pakistan, General Pervez
Musharraf received his education from Saint
Patrick's High School, Karachi, and then from F.
C. College, Lahore. In 1961, he joined the
Pakistan Military Academy and was commissioned
in Artillery Regiment in 1964. He fought in the
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 as a young officer, and
was awarded Imtiazi Sanad for gallantry. He also
achieved the Nishan-i-Imtiaz (Military) and the
Tamgha-i-Basalat. He has been also on the faculty
of the Command and Staff College, Quetta and
the war wing of (the) National Defence College.
He volunteered to be a commando, and remained
in the Special Services Group for seven years. He
also participated in the Indo-Pak War of 1971 as a
Company Commander in the Commando
Battalion.

A graduate of Command and Staff College, Quetta, General Musharraf also distinguished himself at
the Royal College of Defense Studies, United Kingdom. During his military career, General Musharraf
acquired varied experience in different command and instructional appointments. He also served as
Director General Military Operations at the General Headquarters from 1993 to 1995.
 General Musharraf rose to the rank of General and was appointed
as the Chief of Army Staff on October 7, 1998 when Pakistan's army
chief, General Jehangir Karamat, resigned two days after calling for
the army to be given a key role in the country's decision-making
process. General Musharraf was given additional charge of
Chairman Joint Chiefs Staff Committee on April 9, 1999. On October
12, 1999, when through a bloodless coup the military took over the
government in Pakistan, he became the head of the state
designated as Chief Executive. He assumed the office of President
of Pakistan on June 20, 2001. In order to legitimize and legalize his
rule, General Pervez Musharraf held a referendum on April 30, 2002
thereby elected as President of Pakistan for duration of five years.
In accordance with the deal with MMA (Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal), he
agrees to leave the army on 31st December, 2004 but will continue
to serve five-year term as President as he got vote of confidence on
January 1, 2004, from the parliament and the four provincial
assemblies under the provision of the 17th Amendment duly passed
by the National Assembly and the Senate. General Musharraf got
married in 1968 and has two children, a son and a daughter. He is a
natural sportsman, who loves to spend most of his leisure time
playing Squash, Badminton or Golf. He also takes keen interest in
water sports and has been an enthusiastic canoeist. Being an avid
reader, he is well versed in Military History, his favorite subject.

General aims

 1) Solve the Kashmir problem

 2) Stop terrorist attacks in the country
 3)Reduce the population growth
Most probable crisis

 1)India- Pakistan crisis

 2)Corruption
 3)Terrorism(in domestic and international
level)
 4)Chinese hostages