Material : Citric acid crystals, sodium hydroxide crystals, blue and red litmus paper, water.

Apparatus : Evaporating dish, dropper. Method : 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in figure. 2. The blue and red litmus paper are placed in the evaporating dish that contains the citric acid crystals and the observations are recorded.

Aim : To study the role of water in acids and alkalis

 3. A few drops of water are added to the citric acid crystals and the observations are recorded again. 4. The activity is repeated using the sodium hydroxide crystals in place of the citric acid crystals. Observation : Material Effect on the litmus paper

Citric acid crystals No change Sodium hydroxide crystals No change Citric acid solution Blue litmus paper changes to red Sodium hydroxide solution Red litmus paper changes to blue

Discussion :

1. dry acids and alkalis do not show their properties. 2. The citric acid solution shows acidic properties. 3. The sodium hydroxide solution shows alkaline properties. Conclusion : The function of water is to enable acids and alkalis to shows their properties.

Aim : To show the properties of acids

Material : Vinegar, filter paper, concentrated sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid, red and blue litmus paper, universal indicator, universal indicator chart, wooden splint, magnesium tape, marble( calcium carbonate ), lime water. Apparatus : Dropper, test tubes, rubber stopper with a hole and connecting tubes. Method : 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in the table. 2. The activities are carried out and the observations recorded in the table.

Observation : Activity a) The vinegar is tested b) One drop of concentrated sulphuric acid is placed on a filter paper. c) Both the red and blue litmus papers are put into the test tubes containing dilute hydrochloric acid.

Observation Tastes is sour. A hole appears on the filter paper The blue litmus paper become red. There is no change on the red litmus paper.

d) Two drops of universal indicator are added to the test tubes containing dilute hydrochloric acid. The colour formed is compared with the universal indicator chart.
e) Magnesium tape is added to a test containing dilute hydrochloric acid. A burning wooden splint is brought close to the mouth of the test tube. f)Some marble is added to a test tube filled with dilute hydrochloric acid. The gas is passed through lime water.

A red solution is formed. Dilute hydrochloric acid shows a value of pH 4.

A pop sound is heard.

The lime water becomes cloudy.

Discussion :
1. Concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive. 2. Hydrogen is released when magnesium tape reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen 3. Carbon dioxide is released when reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

Conclusion : The properties of acids include : 1. taste is sour. 2. are corrosive. 3. change blue litmus paper red. 4. pH values of less than 7. 5. release hydrogen as it reacts with magnesium. 6. release carbon dioxide as it reacts with calcium carbonate.