1

Chapter 4
Magnet
Prepared by
Mr. Lim Cheng Siong
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

2
Contents
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Relationships
Self and Mutual Inductances
Magnetic Circuit

3
Electromagnetism
Electricity and magnetism cannot be separated.
Wherever an electric current exists, a magnetic field also
exists.
Magnetism, created by an electric current, operates
many devices, such as transformers, motors, and
loudspeakers.
4
Magnetism and Magnets
What is magnetism?
Magnetism is a force field that acts on some
materials but not on other materials.
Physical devices that possess this force are
called magnets.

5
Magnets Material
Lodestone (an iron compound) is a natural magnet that
was discovered centuries ago
The magnet we used today are all manufactured.
They are made from various alloys containing elements
like copper, nickel, aluminium, iron, and cobalt.
These magnets are much, much stronger than natural
lodestone magnet
6
Magnetic Field
The force of magnetism is referred to as
a magnetic field.
This field extends out from the magnet in
all directions, as illustrated in the figure
(Magnetic field around a bar magnet)
Two poles dictated by direction of the
field
Opposite poles attract (aligned magnetic
field)
Same poles repel (opposing magnetic
field)
7
Magnetic Field
8
Field Detector
Can use a compass to map out
magnetic field
Field forms closed flux lines
around the magnet
Magnetic flux measured in
Webers (Wb)
Symbol
u
9
Magnetic Field Conductor
A magnetic field also forms
round a conductor along
which a current is flowing
Field can be described using
right hand screw rule
10
Right Hand Rule
Thumb indicates
direction of current
flow
Finger curl indicates
the direction of field
11
Magnetic Field: Coil
Placing a ferrous material inside the coil
increases the magnetic field
Acts to concentrate the field also notice
field lines are parallel inside ferrous
element
flux density has increased
12
Contents
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Relationships
Self and Mutual Inductances
Magnetic Circuit

13
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux lines possess the following properties:
They form closed loops.
Always starts from the north pole (N) and end in the south pole (S) and are
then continuous through the body of the magnet.
Never intersect each other
Lines of magnetic flux that are parallel and in the same direction, repel one
another.
The total number of lines of force in the magnetic field is
called the magnetic flux.
14
Flux Density
Magnetic flux density is defined as the magnetic flux per
unit area of a surface at right angles to the magnetic field.

15
Permeability
The measure of the degree to which lines of force of the
magnetizing field can penetrate the medium is called Permeability
(H/m)
Permeability of all non-magnetic materials including air
o
= 4
x 10
-7
(H/m)
Relative permeability:


16
B-H Curve
B(T)
H(A/m)
Magnetization curve (B-H characteristic)
Saturation
H B
r 0
=
17
Reluctance

Reluctance: resistance to flow of
magnetic flux



Associated with magnetic circuit flux
equivalent to current
Whats equivalent of voltage?
18
Fringing Effect
19
Magnetomotive Force
Magnetomotive force can be
produced when current flows in a
coil of one or more turns.
Driving force F needed to overcome
toroid reluctance

20
Magnetomotive Force
The MMF is generated by the coil
Strength related to number of turns and current,
measured in Ampere turns (At)

21
Field Intensity
The longer the magnetic path the greater the MMF
required to drive the flux
Magnetomotive force per unit length is known as the
magnetizing force H


Magnetizing force and flux density related by:

22
Summary

23
Electric & Magnetic Circuit
Term Symbol Term Symbol
Magnetic flux u Electric current I
Flux density B Current density J
Magnetic field
strength
H Electric field strength E
Magnetomotive force F Electromotive force E
Permeability Permittivity c
Reluctance Resistance R
Magnetic circuit Electric circuit
9
24
Contents
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Relationships
Self and Mutual Inductances
Magnetic Circuit

25
Induction
Faraday has made the great discovery of electromagnet induction,
namely a method of obtaining an electric current with the aid of
magnetic flux.
(a)
(b)
When a conductor cuts or is cut by a
magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is generated
in the conductor.
S
A B
G
G
S N
C
26
Inductance
A coil wound on a magnetic core, such as shown in the Fig., is frequently
used in electric circuits.
This coil may be represented by an ideal circuit element, called inductance,
which is defined as the flux linkage of the coil per ampere of its current.
lc
i
N
L
27
Inductance
The e.m.f induced in electric circuit




Equating expressions of e.m.f induced in magnetic circuit
and electric circuit:







L is the self-inductance in Henry, or simply the inductance.

For and so

dt
di
L e =
dt
d
N
dt
di
L
|
=
S
F
= u
A
l
S
r 0

=
L= ?
current of change
linkages flux of change
di
d
N L = =
|
28
Inductance











If a conductor cuts or is cut by a flux of
d webers in dt seconds, e.m.f generated
in conductor




dt
d
e
|
=
volt
t
u
dt
d
N e
|
=
S N
C
X
Motion
The average e.m.f induced in one turn is




e.m.f induced in a coil:


29
Example 7
For the magnetic circuit, N = 400 turns. Mean core length

= 50 cm. Air gap length =
1.0 mm. Cross-sectional area (A
c
= A
g
) = 15 cm
2
. Relative permeability of core =
3000.
i = 1.0 A.
Find
(a) Flux density in the air gap. (0.43 T)
(b) Inductance of the coil. (258.52 x 10
-3
H)
l
c
i
N
l
g
+
F
-
u
c
9
g
9
30
Mutual Inductance
S
A B
G
|
A
|
B
S
N
N I
N
I
N
L
A
A A
A A
A
A A
A
2 2
=
u
=
u
=
S
N
I
N
L
B
B
B B
B
2
=
u
=
31
Mutual Inductance
B
B B
A
A A
N I N I
S
u
=
u
=
S
N N
M
N I
N N
I
N
M
B A
A A
A B A
A
A B
=
u
=
u
=
2
2
2 2
M
S
N N
L L
B A
B A
= =
B A
L L M = Mutual Inductance:
32
Contents
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Relationships
Self and Mutual Inductances
Magnetic Circuit

33
Magnetic Circuit
lc
i
N
+
F
-
u
9
E
R
i
Equivalent circuit
Analogy between magnetic circuit and
electric circuit
34
Example 1.
A toroid of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring having a
mean circumference of 600 mm and a uniform cross-sectional area of
500 mm
2.
If the current through the toroid is 4 A, calculate
a. The magnetic field strength
b. The flux density
c. The total flux.
[
35
Example 2.
A toroid of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a core (with relative
permeability of 500) having a mean circumference of 600 mm and a
uniform cross-sectional area of 500 mm
2.
If the current through the toroid
is 4 A, calculate
a. The magnetic field strength
b. The flux density
c. The total flux.
36
Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap
l
c
i
N
l
g
+
F
-
u
c
9
g
9
0
;
;
g
c
c g
c c g
C g
c g
c g
l
l
A A
Ni
Flux density
B B
A A

9 = 9 =
u =
9 +9
u u
= =
37
Example 3
l
c
i
N
l
g
Calculate the magnetomotive force required to
produce a flux of 0.015 Wb across air gap 2.5 mm long,
having an effective area of 200 cm
2
38
Series Magnetic Circuit
; ;
a b c
a b c
a a b b c c
a b c
l l l
A A A
Ni

9 = 9 = 9 =
u =
9 +9 +9
i
N
iron steel
cobalt
+
F
-
u
b
9
a
9
c
9
39
Example 4
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts in series ,
each of uniform cross-sectional area (A). They are:
(a) a length of 80 mm and A= 50 mm
2
(b) a length of 60 mm and A = 90 mm
2
(c) an air gap of length 0.5 mm and A = 150 mm
2
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b) and the flux
density in the airgap is 0.3 T. Assuming that all the flux
passes through the given circuit, and the relative
permeability is 1300, estimate the coil current to
produce such a flux density.

40
Example 5
41
42
43
0.02 50399 1008
1008
2.02
500
F At
F
I A
N
| = 9= =
= = =