BMED 2100

1/27/2014

Items Due
Laboratory #3

Homework #1 on LMS this afternoon. Updated Syllabus on LMS this afternoon.

Questions Answered
Laboratory #1 - Please hand a document that has the question (that is presented in the syllabus) and your answer. You may or may not also turn in your papers. If you do not turn in your papers, please at least include the full citation for your paper.

Three Questions:
What type of biomaterial is depicted below?

What biological application could this be used for? How is this biomaterial imaged or characterized?

Three Questions - Answers

What type of biomaterial is depicted below? Titanium treated with NaOH surface treatment. What biological application could this be used for? Bone the roughness on the surface of the titanium improves osteointegration. How is this biomaterial imaged or characterized? Contact profilometry.
Image Found by conducting a Google Image Search using Key Words: Hip Implant Surface, Scanning Electron Microscopy

Textbook Change:
Biomaterials The Intersection of Biology and Materials Science by Temenoff and Mikos. Good Basic Text, some portions of the text overlap with ENGR 1600. Ratner textbook is more advanced. Preview the book online or in the library if you think the book may be helpful for your career.

Chapter 1: Bonding
Bonding or how atoms interact with each other tells you a great deal about a biomaterial. Bonding can occur between atoms through the sharing of valence electrons (primary bonding).

 Primary Bonds different types of materials have different types of primary bonds. Ionic bonding large differences in electronegativity, these large differences allow for the transfer of valence electrons.
As an example, bone possesses domains that consist of ionic bonding, usually involving calcium and oxygen and phosphates calcium phosphates.

Ionic Bonding in Biomaterials

Calcium Phosphates
Type of calcium phosphate is known as hydroxyapatite.

Calcium ions have two free electrons to give to create an outer electron shell thats stable. Phosphate, oxygen alternatively, need electrons to create a stable outer electron shell thats stable.
http://electronicstructure.wikidot.com/cationsubstitutions-in-hydroxyapatite

 Another type of primary bond is the: Covalent bond electrons are shared between atoms of similar electronegativities. Very common type of covalent bond is the one you observe between carbon-carbon atoms.
Notice in these polymer structures covalent bonds exist between carbon-carbon, carbonhydrogen, carbon-oxygen bonds. In all examples, electrons are shared.

 Another type of primary bond is the: Metallic bond Atoms (metals) which have many electrons but these electrons migrate easily through the lattice.
Notice the differences between a metal and a ceramic.

Information from BBC GCSE Bitesize website

 Secondary Bonds do not require electron transfer or sharing, molecular interactions

Another name for this secondary bonding is known as van der Waals bonds These types of interactions occur with polar molecules. A type of van der Waals bond is the hydrogen bond

Here are some examples of some polar molecules. What do the d+ and d- represent? How do these species interact? Are electrons transferred or shared between molecules?

Chapter 2 Content
Crystal structures will not be covered here content within ENGR 1600 Defects - important because they can change the mechanical properties of your material.

Why as a biomaterial scientist would you want metals to have defects?

Impurities are added to metals to create alloys: - Increase strength - Improve corrosion resistance - Improve electrical properties - Orthopedic Implants are commonly alloys where there are defects or impurities within the crystal lattice for a purpose. - Steel iron/carbon - Cobalt-chromium - Ti-6Al-4V is an alloy containing 90% Ti, 6% Al, 4% Vanadium (V) - Book goes through determining weight percent composition and atom percent composition.

Ceramics
Crystal structure is different than with metals because there must be different atoms present. So when we think about calcium phosphates there needs to be different atoms present, such as calcium, phosphate, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Crystal Structure Shape in Ceramics Depends On:

Radius of the cation (rc) vs. the radius of anion (ra). Which radius is larger? Cation or Anion? The ratio rc/ra is less than 1 and instructs us about the shape of the crystal within a ceramic.

Ceramic Crystal Defects

Schottky defect vacancy of both cation and anion. Frenkel defect a vacancy/interstitial pair is created to maintain electroneutrality.

http://gunalag.com

Polymer Structure
Polymer structure consists of a monomer that repeats to have different molecular weights. Differing molecular weights can change the properties of your material. Amorphous polymers the polymer chains arent as aligned or ordered. Crystalline polymers the chains are more aligned. Amorphous polymers have different properties than crystalline polymers.

Polymer Structure
One item that is important to know about a polymer is its molecular weight. In the book, there is an example about how molecular weight is determined. When you make a polymer, the polymer chains, the length of the chain is usually not the same throughout the mixture.

Polymer Structure
weight-average molecular weight (Mw) number average molecular weight (Mn)

Polydispersity index (PI) = Mw/Mn

The smallest possible value of PI is 1 all the polymer values have the same molecular weight.

Molecular Weight Matters Determines Physical Properties of Polymers

Book Table 2.6 Poly-L-Lactic Acid MW of 50,000 Tensile Modulus of 1200 MPa

MW of 300,000 Tensile Modulus of 3000 MPa

Concept of Diffusion
Stated in section 2.2 Diffusion is a concept frequently mentioned in biomaterials. Diffusional flux J mass (number of atoms) M, diffusing through a certain cross sectional area per time. J = M/At, (kg/m2sec), J = 1/A (dM/dt)

Concept of Diffusion
Diffusional flux, J = -D(dC/dx), Ficks First Law D is the diffusivity constant depending on the parameters of a certain system. C is the concentration. x is the length.

Examples of Diffusion in Biomaterials

Diffusion of polymer chains from the bulk. Diffusion of oxygen through a alginate hydrogel containing stem cells. Diffusion of glucose through hydrogel sponge. All of these processes can mathematically modeled using Ficks law if the right assumptions are made.

Case Study
Depuy Orthopaedics is the maker of hip implants. In 2010, they recalled one of their implants after patients were complaining of pain.

Case Study Questions

Why do certain patients require hip implants? Injury, arthritis What is the general structure of a hip implant? The hip implant has a socket, ball, and the ball is connected to the stem What was the reason patients with this hip implant were experiencing pain? The implant was a metal on metal (ball on socket) and metal fragments were going off into the surrounding environment. How would you design a hip implant to eliminate the problem? Use a ceramic socket or polymer (crystalline socket) How do you make the components of the hip implant? Machining, molding