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FHSS
Invented by Austrian-born movie star Hedy Lamarr to protect guided torpedoes from jamming The shifts in frequency (hops) occur according to a random pattern that is known only to the transmitter and the receiver. (Actually it is pseudo random: It is generated by an algorithm, so it is not really random; but to a person who does not know the pattern, it looks random.) If the center frequency moves among 100 different frequencies, the required transmission bandwidth is at least 100 times as large as the original transmission bandwidth.
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Example of FHSS
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FHSS in Bluetooth
Uses a fast frequency hopping (1,600 hops per second) over 79 MHz of bandwidth. That is, it hops over 79 channels each separated by 1 MHz.
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DSSS
The transmitter spreads one bit, say a one or a zero (you either have a one or a zero in the digital world), into many (N) smaller chips (they are a sequence of zeros and ones) according to a code known to the transmitter and the receiver. The receiver, using the code and a correlator, put the spread chips together to get the original bit. The bandwidth of the original signal will be N times wider after the spreading because the chip rate is N times faster than the bit rate. Therefore the signal will be more robust against interference and fading. The code used for spreading and de-spreading can be secret, if only the transmitter and the receiver know it, thus providing a security measure.
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DSSS in 802.11
The code (called Baker code) used in 802.11 to spread the data bits is given by [1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1]. So one bit of data is spread to become 11 chips. The Baker code is not a secret code, so its not used for security. Its used to spread the bandwidth.
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DSSS in 802.11
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What is OFDM
Assume we need to send data at a speed of R symbols/sec. We break the data sequence into N (an integer, say, 48) sub-sequences. The data rate of each sub-sequence will be R/N, much slower than the original sequence. N carriers are used, each having a different frequency and each sending one sub-sequence. At the receiver end, the N sub-sequences are put together to get the original data sequence.
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Advantages of OFDM
Robust against Intersymbol Interference (ISI) due to multipath propagation because:
In each sub-sequence the symbols, e.g. a 1 or a 0, are N times longer than the original symbols. The longer the symbol, the weaker the ISI (the signals representing the same symbol but coming from multiple paths will be close enough compared with the width of the symbol so they dont interfere with each other).
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Advantages of OFDM
Robust against frequency selective fading
To battle the frequency selective fading (signals at certain frequencies might be much weaker than that of other frequencies), error-control coding can be used in each subchannel. If the signal for a particular subchannel(s) is weak, the transmitting power of that subchannel can be increased to compensate for the fading.
Drawbacks of OFDM
Complexity: you need to put together N signals to rebuild the original one. Sensitive to Doppler Shift. When receiver is moving at a high speed, the received frequency will shift, too, and that can cause problem for OFDM. High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) and thus lower efficiency.
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Assigning sub-channels
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Coding techniques
Error control coding Coding for spread spectrum (CDMA)
Orthogonal codes
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