BIRLA VISHWAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA, VALLABH VIDYANAGAR

E-WASTE
CREATED BYGUIDED BYPROF. A. A. SHAIKH ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BVM COLLEGE

PUSHPRAJ M. ZALA(130070109062)
KRUNAL P. JAJAL(130070109023)

WHAT IS ELECTRONIC WASTE?

E-waste is the term used to describe old, end of life or discarded appliances using electricity and battery.

E-waste is a popular name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life.
Electronic waste, e-waste or WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE) is a waste consisting of any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliances. E-waste contain toxic substance and chemicals which are likely to have adverse effect on environment and health, if not handled properly

SOURCES OF E-WASTE
Large household appliances (ovens, refrigerators etc.) Small household appliances (toasters, vacuum cleaners etc.) Office & communication (PCs, printers, phones, faxes etc.) Entertainment electronics (TVs, HiFis, portable CD players etc.) Lighting equipment (mainly fluorescent tubes) E-tools (drilling machines) Sports equipment (electronic toys, training machines etc.) Medical appliances and instruments Surveillance equipment Automatic issuing systems (ticket issuing machines etc.)

HOW THESE BECOME E-WASTE?

Changes and Advancement in technology Changes in fashion, style, and status

Changing configuration
Attractive offers from manufacturers Small life of equipment

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
SUBSTANCE
Lead (Pb)

SOURCE
Solder in the printed circuit boards, Glass panels and gaskets in computer Monitors. Chip resistors and semi-conductors, Nickel cadmium batteries. Relays and switches, printed circuit Boards. Corrosion protection of untreated and galvanized steel plates, decorator or Hardener for steel houses.

Cadmium(Cd) Mercury(Hg) Hexavalent Chromium (Cr)

Plastics Including(PVC) Barium (Ba) Americium Beryllium Oxide

Cabling and computer housing. Plastic housing of electronic equipment And circuit boards. Smoke alarms (radioactive source). Filter in some thermal materials such as thermal grease used on heat sinks for CPU and power transistors, magnetrons, X ray transparent ceramic windows, Transfer in vacuum tubes and gas lasers.

Germanium

Bipolar junction transistors.

NON- HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

SUBSTANCE Tin Copper Aluminum Iron Silicon Nickel Lithium Zinc Gold SOURCE Solder coating on components +leads Supper wire , printed circuit broad tracksComponent leads Nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power electrolytic Capacitors. Steel casing cases and firings Glass ,transistors, ICS, printed circuits boards Nickel cadmium batteries Lithium ion batteries Plating for steel parts Connecter plating primarily in computer Equipment.

EFFECTS OF E-WASTE ON HUMAN

Lead is toxic to the kidneys, accumulating in the body and eventually affecting the nervous and reproductive systems. Childrens mental development can be impaired by low level exposure to lead. When burned, PVC produces dioxins, some of the most hazardous carcinogens known.

Barium produces brain swelling after a short exposure. It may cause weakness in muscles as well as heart, liver and spleen damage

 Hexavalent chromium damages kidneys, the liver and DNA. Asthmatic bronchitis has been linked to this substance. Mercury is known to harm developing fetuses and is passed through the mothers milk to newborns. In adults it can cause brain and kidney damage. Beryllium causes acute or chronic beryllium disease, a deadly element affecting the lungs. Cadmium is a carcinogen and long-term exposure leads to kidney and bone damage. Brominated flame retardants have been linked to fetal damage and thyroid problems.

EFFECTS OF E-WASTE ON ENVIRONMENT

Mercury accumulates in the food chain. It is responsible for death, reduced fertility, slower growth and development in animals.

Cadmium is harmful to micro-organisms and to eco-system.

As per report of April 2013 40 million metric tons of e-waste are produced globally each year. About 9 million tons of this waste discarded televisions, computers, cellphones and other electronics are produced by the European Union according to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

E-WASTE RECYCLING
Definition:Recycling is defined as the assembling, developing, promoting, or buying of new products, which are prepared from waste materials.

WHY E-WASTE SUCH A PROBLEM?

The issue of e-waste is relatively new to the world, given the digital age only began to take off with the invention of the World Wide Web in 1989. The idea of 'socially responsible recycling' is still catching on and the idea of how to dispose of our e-waste is something most of us don't think about. The problem is that when we do need to get rid of a computer or TV, we tend to look for the cheapest and quickest option. However, the e-waste recycler who offers to take your e-waste cheaply or for free may be the one who is shipping your e-waste overseas and that's bad news. Even in this age of information, ewaste from the developed world is still being dumped in countries whose rules about e-waste are more relaxed.

WHY CANT E-WASTE JUST GO INTO LANDFILL?

1. Conservation: Recycling means we can recover and reuse the earth's precious finite resources, such as copper, lead, iron, gold, and silver etc. Before recycling we were dumping items, containing these valuable non-renewable resources, into landfill and mining for new resources to produce new items. 2. Health: E-waste is toxic and when it is dumped in the ground as landfill, these toxins can leach into the ground, ground-water and streams and cause harm to human health and the environment. By recycling we are looking after the health of plants, animals and people. Recycling provides for the safe removal of toxic substances that pollute the environment. The materials of main concern are lead, cadmium, brominated flame retardants, mercury and PVC plastic.

IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING OF E-WASTE

Globally, 50 million tons of e-waste is generated annually and has all potential to grow at much faster rate than any other waste streams. It is very interesting to note that even after the due use, this particular waste is of great significance & value. Generally speaking, e-waste consists of more than 92% recoverable and reusable commodities, some of them are highly precious and limited and in terms of absolute numbers, 50 million tons of e-waste consists of 15 million tons of steel (more than annual production of SAIL), 4 million tons of aluminum, 6 million tons of copper over & above glass, plastic, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, iridium etc. In spite of so resource rich, 80% of e-scrap goes in land fill because of high recycling costs in developed nations.

 It is evident that demand of such gadgets will continue to increase because of change in technology, status & style. Besides the incremental demand for obvious reasons, computing & communication are the barometers of socioeconomic change. we should really focus on the method of collection till disposal of hazardous substances and needless to say that these facilities should be completely environment friendly. It becomes more important if we look at the several other indirect benefits over & above cleaner & greener environment because of proper recycling, better health less hospitals, better productivity lesser price, significantly less investment in recycling facilities in comparison to the infrastructure industries to reproduce same commodities, less mining less imbalance to the equilibrium so on and so forth.

HOW TO PROPERLY DISPOSE OF E-WASTE

As technology continues to advance at lightning fast speeds, so does the amount of e-waste, accounting for obsolete items and those unwanted due to favorability of newer models. E-waste stands for Electronic Waste and includes items such as old televisions, computers, printers, VCRs and even mobile phones. These can either be in working condition or not.

SELLING OFF OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY:

Taking advantage of sites such as eBay, craigslist and gum tree, or even the humble, old fashioned garage sale can help you to eradicate the unused technology piling up around your house. This is an easy way to make some fast cash off of your unwanted goods rather than just dumping them. Old Nintendo video games for example are always highly sought after on eBay and depending on the title can sell for up to $40. Similarly, in most cities, stores such as Cash Converters are more than happy to take those old DVD players and laptops off your hands while reimbursing you for your trouble!

Get rid of useless e-waste responsibly:

Nevertheless, there is always something that no one else will want, whether it is a TV with a cracked screen or old PlayStation games scratched beyond recognition. For items such as these which cannot be otherwise environmentally disposed of, services such as 1800ewaste are available. They collect your ewaste at a fee and take it to recycling facilities

Other recycling methods for old recyclable electronic goods:

Another popular service is the website recyclingnearyou.com.au by Planet Ark which details recycling information and facilities according to your State and postcode in order to ensure the correct disposal of recyclable materials including e-waste. This includes the current printer cartridge recycling program; outlets in your area at which you can dispose of old printer cartridges are displayed when you enter your State and postcode details.

FACTS ABOUT E-WASTE

1) 80 to 85 percent of electronic products were discarded in landfills or incinerators, which can release certain toxics into the air.

2) E-waste represents 2 percent of America's trash in landfills, but it equals 70 percent of overall toxic waste. The extreme amount of lead in electronics alone causes damage in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the blood and the kidneys. 3) 20 to 50 million metric tons of e-waste are disposed worldwide every year.
4) Cell phones and other electronic items contain high amounts of precious metals like gold or silver. Americans dump phones containing over $60 million in gold/silver every year.

5. Only 12.5 percent of e-waste is currently recycled. 6. Recycling 1 million laptops saves the energy equivalent to the electricity used by 3,657 U.S. homes in a year. 7. E-waste is still the fastest growing municipal waste stream in America, according to the EPA. 8. A large number of what is labeled as "e-waste" is actually not waste at all, but rather whole electronic equipment or parts that are readily marketable for reuse or can be recycled for materials recovery. 9. It takes 539 pounds of fossil fuel, 48 pounds of chemicals, and 1.5 tons of water to manufacture one computer and monitor

REFERENCES
1. RECYCLING FROME-WASTE TO RESOURCES Report by United Nations Environment Programme& United Nations University, 2009 2. E-WASTE IN INDIA Report by RESEARCH UNIT (LARRDIS), RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI, JUNE, 2011. 3. http://ewasteguide.info/introduction/e-waste 4. www.ewaste.com.au/ 5. http://www.pacebutler.com/blog/ 6. http://www.renewablerecyclers.org.au/