CompTIA Convergence +

Certification Study Guide

Module 1 Telephony

Module 1 Telephony
Lessons in this module:
1. 2. 3. 4. Telecommunication Traffic Engineering Voice System Fundamentals Number and Dialing Plan Components Converged Network Endpoints

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Key Point
One traffic engineering goal is to estimate the optimum number of trunks required for a given number of blocked calls.

Objectives
To be able to: Identify various trunk types Identify common terms for trunk usage Describe the concepts behind Grade of Service - GoS Identify call traffic measurement tools Recognize system capacities and bottlenecks Describe traffic shaping concepts

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Trunks
Trunk Connectivity Frequency Amplitude Analog Noise Digital Noise

Types of Trunks
Types of Trunks TIE Trunk Connections FX Trunks

Carried Load
Trunk Utilization Exponential Distribution

Probability

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Grade of Service Trunk Usage Measurements The Erlang B Traffic Formula
Partial Erlang Table B

Erlang C and Poisson Tables No Formula is Perfect Estimating Total System Capacity
Independent Locations Linked by Tie Trunk Central and Satellite Offices Linked by Tie Trunk

Data Prioritization Protocol Reservation

Protocol Reservation

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Session Fairness
Session Fairness

Traffic Shaping

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Activities
1. 2. Describe the difference between a line, loop, and trunk. List some forms local loops can take.

3.
4.

How does analog transmission differ from digital transmission?

A trunk type that creates an end-to-end, always-on connection between locations most often used for data transmission is a(n) _______________. a) Tie line b) Ring down trunk c) FX trunk d) Private line

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Activities (continued)
5. Which are factors limiting a devices carried load capacity? (Choose two.) a) The time of day b) The PBX capacity c) The number of users d) The available trunks Which two things must we know to estimate the carried load? (Choose two.) a) Call holding times b) The circuits bandwidth c) The incoming call count d) The telephone type

6.

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Activities (continued)
7. Which are the three holding time types particular to telephone system design? (Choose three.) a) Average time per call b) Mean time per call c) Hourly holding time d) Daily holding time Which term describes 100 call seconds, the basic measurement of communications engineering? a) CCS b) Operating time c) Conversation time d) Holding time

8.

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Activities (continued)
9. Which term describes one hour of traffic as a time measurement used in traffic engineering? a) Busy hour b) Operating time c) Erlang d) CCS By adding a calls operating time and its conversation times, you have calculated which? a) Busy hour b) Holding time c) Blocking d) Erlang

10.

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Activities (continued)
11. Which term describes the condition that occurs when a lack of facilities stops a calls completion? a) Busy hour b) Holding time c) Blocking d) Erlang

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Extended Activities
1. Explore the various trunk types available from your LEC and/or CLEC. How do their rates differ by service, bandwidth, and distance? In your area, what options are available for the local loop? Is fiber access to the CO available? Do any local service providers make wireless data services available? If so, on what type of wireless technology are these based? What is the resulting grade of service given the following information for a companys busy hour? - 8 calls receive a busy signal - 376 calls go through on the first try

2.

3.

Lesson 1 Telecommunications Traffic Engineering

Extended Activities (continued)
4. What is equivalent to the following in CCS? a) 18-minute call

b) 3-minute call
c) 1.5-minute call

Lesson 2 Voice System Fundamentals

Key Point
Analog voice waves are captured by a coder decoder a codec and converted to a digital bit stream.

Objectives
To understand: Telephone Systems Voice Sampling Call Creation Call Signaling both in band and out of band Signaling System 7

Lesson 2 Voice System Fundamentals

Legacy Hybrid and IP Telephony Systems Key Systems
Key Telephone System Cordless Key System

Hybrid Systems IP Telephony Systems Voice Transmission Fundamentals Encoding, Decoding, and Compression

Lesson 2 Voice System Fundamentals

Digitizing the Voice
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Pulse Dial Example 1 DTMF Touchpad and Tones

How a Call is Made

Voice Routing 1 Voice Routing 2 Voice Routing 3 Voice Routing 4

Long Distance Voice Routing Signaling

Lesson 2 Voice System Fundamentals

Activities
1. 2. 3. Explain how a key system provides connectivity to each extension. Describe the purpose of a KSU. How would a key system lose its practicality as a businesss communications needs increase? How does a hybrid key system compare to a standard key system? Describe DTMF.

4. 5.

Lesson 2 Voice System Fundamentals

Activities (continued)
6. Describe the sequence of operations that occur when a call is placed. Describe the difference between switching and routing in telecommunications.

7.

Lesson 2 Voice System Fundamentals

Extended Activities
1. Visit http://www.avaya.com/ and research their line of integrated communications systems. Visit http://www.vodavi.com and http://www.panasonic.com, and compare their key system features. How do the features these hybrid systems provide compare to a standard key system? Contact your LEC or CLEC and inquire which of the discussed switch types they use to complete calls. Do you use tone or pulse dialing in your area? Visit http://www.nortel.com and research the latest of their CO offerings. Likewise, visit http://www.avaya.com to review their CO products.

2.

3.

4.

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Key Point
Each country defines its own telephone numbering plan.

Objectives
This lesson presents an overview to: The standards for telephone number selection Telephone number usage Assigned telephone prefixes Local number portability Emergency service numbers

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Prefixes Telephone Numbering System
North American Number Plan

Special Area Codes Number Formats Number Blocking Digit Translation Toll Fraud ENUM
Electronic Number - ENUM Tiers Electronic Number - ENUM Using DNS for Translation

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Local Number Portability (LNP)
AIN Support for LNP

Emergency Service
E911 Service Mapping a Caller to a Geographic Location

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities
1. Within the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) the first three digits after the country code is called what? a) Prefix b) Area code c) Local exchange prefix d) a and b are both correct e) All of these are correct
In the North American Numbering Plan what does N represent? a) Any digit from 0 to 9 b) Any digit from 1 to 9 c) Any digit from 2 to 9 d) A local phone number

2.

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities (continued)
3. Phone numbers are issued by which of these? a) Class 1 CO b) Class 4 CO c) Class 5 CO d) Any of these
Why might several area codes be used in the same large, urban area? a) To provide enough unique phone numbers b) To differentiate between service providers c) To provide for both land lines and cell phones d) There are all reasons for several area codes

4.

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities (continued)
5. Match the three digit service code with its service.
___ 211 ___ 311 ___ 411 ___ 511 ___ 611 ___ 711 ___ 811 ___ 911

a) Community Information and Referral Services (United States) b) Emergency c) Impending U.S. nationwide One-Call service for advanced notice of excavation activities. This allows contractors and others to dial a single number and notify utilities of their intent to excavate. d) Local Directory Assistance (sometimes 1411) e) Non-emergency Police and other Governmental Services (United States) f) Repair Service g) Traffic and Transportation Information (U.S.), Reserved (Canada) h) TRS

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities (continued)
6. When making a call and you do not what the recipient to know your name or phone number, what feature could you use? a) Number hide b) Call blocking c) Digit translation d) Anonymous Caller
Which of these might a hacker use to try to commit toll fraud? a) Remote access b) Automated attendants c) Voice messaging d) Any of these will be tried by a hacker

7.

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities (continued)
8. Which of these, when given a phone number, will return a populated Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)? a) ENUM b) NAPTR c) DNS d) FTP

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities (continued)
9. Which two of these documents describe NEBS requirements? (Choose two.) a) GR-3053-Signaling interfaces between voice over packet and the SS7 networks b) GR-3054-Interfacing voice over packet networks to the PSTN c) GR-1089-Electromagnetic compatibility and electrical safety d) GR-3060-Transporting legacy telecommunications services across voice over packet networks e) GR-63-Physical equipment protection

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Activities (continued)
10. Which of these uses the SS7 network to enable carrier switches to share information such as Location Routing Number? a) Local Number Portability b) Advanced Intelligent Network c) Caller ID d) 911

Lesson 3 Number and Dialing Plan Components

Extended Activities
1. Research Network Equipment Building Standards (NEBS). Explain what it is used for. What is the ITU-T e.164 recommendation used for? Explain how it aids in international communication. Who is the current telephone number manager selected by the FCC? Describe the function that they serve.

2.

3.

Lesson 4 Converged Network Endpoints

Key Point
With todays technologies, there are a multitude of ways to connect to a TDM or a packet-based telephony network.

Objectives
To understand the following phone types: IP Phones Analog Phones PC-based Soft Phones SIP Phones WiFi Phones

Lesson 4 Converged Network Endpoints

Voice Terminals IP Phones TDM Phones Analog Phones
Analog Telephone Adapter Connecting Analog Phones to IP Networks

Dialup Hard Phone PC-Based Soft Phones Microphones and Headsets or Speakers USB Hand Sets SIP Phones PDA Soft Phones WiFi Phones

Lesson 4 Converged Network Endpoints

Activities
1. Match the phone with its description. ____ Analog phone ____ Dialup hard phone ____ IP phone ____ PC-based soft phone ____ PDA soft phone ____ SIP phone ____ TDM phone ____ WiFi phone a) A computing device with embedded telephone VoIP software b) Blocks of voice payload are sent across a bus (a separate Ethernet segment) with a small header prepended to the payload c) This device communicates directly with the VoIP server using the configured protocol d) An IP phone with a built-in modem instead of a built-in Ethernet NIC e) Requires an audio card, microphone, and headset or speakers f) A soft phone or an adapter allowing the caller to use their legacy analog phone g) Have the same functionality as PC-based soft phones but instead run on a personal digital assistant on a mobile computing software platform h) Hard phone with an integrated transceiver

Lesson 4 Converged Network Endpoints

Extended Activities
1. Based on advancing and changing technology, are there any other types of phones you can find? What are these phones and how do they work?
Pick at least two of the phone types listed in this lesson and expound upon how they work and what they may be used for.

2.

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz
1. What type of signal is the human voice? a) Integrated b) Digital c) Analog d) None of these A connection between switching systems is called what? a) Loop b) Trunk c) Line d) PBX

2.

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
3. What is the difference between analog and digital signals? a) Analog is continuous and digital is a series of changing bits b) Digital is continuous and analog is a series of changing bits c) Analog signals are binary and digital signals are octal d) Digital signals have amplitude and frequency; analog signals are binary The height of a wave is called what? a) Noise b) Bandwidth c) Frequency d) Amplitude

4.

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
5. A network between countries is called what? a) Foreign exchange b) Tie trunk c) Tie line d) None of these A telephone line between two specific phones is known as what? a) Private line b) Ring down c) PBX d) a and b are both correct

6.

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
7. Which of these is not part of operating time? a) Ringing time b) Call set-up time c) Equipment latency d) All of these are part of operating time The entire time a trunk is used for a call is called what? a) Holding time b) Conversation time c) Carry time d) Load time

8.

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
9. Which of these is an example of constant distribution? a) Nightly data backup b) Hotel wakeup call c) Help desk calls d) None of these

10. The probability that any given single call will be blocked is called what? a) Quality of service b) CCS c) Class of service d) Grade of service

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
11. A CCS represents which of these? a) 10 seconds holding time b) 100 seconds holding time c) 1 minute holding time. d) 1 hour holding time 12. What does the Erlang B formula calculate? a) Likely grade of service b) Likely holding time c) Likely operating time d) Likely class of service

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
13. The Poisson formula is based on what assumption? a) Trunk capacity it limited b) A caller who gets a busy signal will immediately call back c) Hold times can be estimated d) Operating time can be estimated 14. Which two of these measure PBX utilization? (Choose two.) a) Operating usage rate b) Hold usage rate c) Call usage rate d) Port usage rate

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
15. A guaranteed amount of bandwidth on a WAN link for an application is called what? a) Session fairness b) Traffic shaping c) Protocol reservation d) Traffic balancing 16. A telephone call is sent across the Internet in what form? a) Packets b) Frames c) Octets d) Frequency

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
17. How many lines does a key system provide? a) 10-40 b) 4-60 c) 4-100 d) There is no limit 18. A telephone system that has features of both a key system and a PBX is called what? a) KSU b) Keyless system c) Hybrid d) These are all correct

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
19. Which of these is an advantage of an IP telephone over a land line? a) It is less expensive to install b) Maintenance costs are lower c) Monthly operating costs are less d) All of these 20. To convert a voice to a digital signal for an IP telephone, what sampling rate is used? a) 4 kHz b) 8 kHz c) 64 kHz d) 1 MHz

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
21. What does DTMF stand for? a) Dial tone multifrequency b) Dual tone multifrequency c) Dual telephone multifrequency d) Dual tone megafrequency 22. How many unique tone does DTMF require? a) 5 b) 7 c) 8 d) 12

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
23. What is the name of the system that allows for efficient routing of calls all over the world? a) POTS b) PSTN c) SS7 d) Each CO handles their own routing 24. In the North American Numbering Plan what does X represent? a) Any digit from 0 to 9 b) Any digit from 1 to 9 c) Any digit from 2 to 9 d) A local phone number

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
25. What are the N11 numbers called? a) Emergency numbers b) Service codes c) Customer codes d) Special information services 26. In telephone terms, what is a premium number? a) Toll-free phone numbers b) A call that charges the caller for the call c) Special information services d) Hearing-impaired services

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
27. What does DNS use to return a populated URI when given a phone number? a) ENUM b) RIPE c) ARS d) NAPTR 28. What requirements enable telcos to build networks that can survive and continue operating under severe conditions? a) NEBS b) NAPTR c) LNP d) GR-2936

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
29. What type of phone is a computing device with embedded telephone VoIP software? a) SIP phone b) WiFi phone c) IP phone d) Dialup hard phone 30. What type of phone is an IP phone with a built-in modem instead of a built-in Ethernet NIC? a) SIP phone b) WiFi phone c) IP phone d) Dialup hard phone

Module 1 Telephony
Module Quiz (continued)
31. What type of phone communicates directly with the VoIP server using the configured protocol? a) Dialup hard phone b) Analog phone c) PC-based soft phone d) SIP phone 32. What type of phone is a soft phone or an adapter allowing the caller to use their legacy analog phone? a) Dialup hard phone b) Analog phone c) PC-based soft phone d) SIP phone