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1. SPEECH SOUNDS
The sounds of speech, or speech sounds, are vocal sounds which are organized to communicate information. In other words, a speech sound is any of the set of distinctive sounds of a given language.
2. ARTICULATION
3. AIRSTREAM MECHANISIM
The production of any speech sound (or any sound at all) involves the movement of an airstream. Most speech sounds are produced by pushing lung air out of the body through the mouth and sometimes through the nose. Since lung air is used, these sounds are called pulmonic (belonging/related to the lung) sounds; since the air is pushed out, they are call egressive (e-: out; gress: go). The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are thus produced by pulmonic egressive airstream mechanisms. All the sounds in English are produced in this manner.
[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:186-187]
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4. PHONETICS
The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.
[Fromklin and Rodman, 1993:232]
The study of how sounds are produced and how the position of the mouth can be changed to produce different sounds is called phonetics.
[Avery & Ehrlich, 1995:11]
In the production of speech sounds, when the articulators approach the upper unmovable parts of the mouth, they will produce different sounds.
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6.5. The palate: - The soft palate (velum): the muscular flap at the back of the mouth that can be raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal cavity, preventing air from going out through the nose. - - The point at the end of the soft palate is called uvula.
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6. ARTICULATORS AND PLACES OF ARTICULATION 6.7. The vocal cords (vocal folds/vocal bands): - two small bands of elastic tissue inside the larynx - look like two flat strips of rubber, lying opposite each other across the air passage. At the front, they are joined together and fixed to the inside of the thyroid cartilage. At the back, they are attached to a pair of small cartilages called the arytenoids cartilages so that if the arytenoids cartilages move, the vocal cords move too.
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Figure 5 shows the cross section of larynx. 6.8. The glottis - The space/opening between the vocal cords.
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6. ARTICULATORS AND PLACES OF ARTICULATION 6.8. The glottis: - Easily recognized in four states: Open: resulting in voiceless consonants. Vocal cords are wide apart. Narrowed: resulting in voiceless glottal fricative /h/, produced by the friction right at the narrowed glottis when airflow passes through it. Closed or nearly closed: the edges of the vocal folds touch or nearly touch together, air passing through the glottis causes vibration, resulting in voiced sounds. Tightly closed: resulting in the glottal stop /?/, produced by the rapid closing of the glottis, strapping the airflow from the lungs behind it, followed by a sudden release of the air 17 as the glottis is opened.
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Figure 7 shows all the articulators and places of articulation introduced in this lesson.
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+ In the production of vowels, the air flows continuously from the larynx to the lips; there is no obstruction and no narrowing that could cause audible friction. + In the production of consonants, the airflow from the lungs is obstructed or interfered at some place in the vocal tract.
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