Fundamental Microbiology

CH2a: Subdivision of Microbiology CH2b: Microbial Noemnclature

Chapter Objectives
Differentiate bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasites of medical importance based on fundamental features and characteristics Compare the fundamental features of selected pharmaceutical important microorganisms

Basics of Microbiology
Divisions Nomenclature Microbial Metabolism Cultivation Enumerating Microorganisms Microbial Genetics Pharmaceutical Important Microorganisms Preservation of Microorganisms

DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
Structural Characteristics Nuclear Membrane Mode of Reproduction p11 (table 2.1)

Characteristics Size Location of Chromosomes Nuclear Division Nucleolus Reproduction Chromosome number Mitochondria and chloroplasts Cell membrane composition Cell wall composition Ribosomes Flagella Pili Fimbrae Storage Compounds

Eukaryotes Normally > 10um Within nuclear membrane Mitosis and meiosis Present Asexual or sexual >1 May be present Sterols present Cellulose or chitin but not peptidoglycan 80s Complex Absent Cilia Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate absent

Prokaryotes 1 5 um Cytoplasm Mitosis and meiosis are absent Absent Asexual 1 Absent Sterols absent Walls usually contain peptidoglycan 70s (smaller) Simle Present Present Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate often present

Bacteria
Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Figure 1.1a

Archaea:
Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Include:
Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
Halobacteria not from book

 Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae Yeasts are unicellular

Fungi

Figure 1.1b

Protozoa
Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Most free some parasites
Figure 1.1c

Algae
Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers) Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds Metabolically diverse

Figure 1.1d

 Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell

Viruses

Figure 1.1e

Multicellular Animal Parasites

Eukaryote Multicellular animals Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths. Microscopic stages in life cycles.

Figure fluke

Writing Scientific Names

MICROBIAL NOMENCLATURE

Aristotle
Attempted to classify all living things as either Plant or Animals By location

Carl Linnaeus
1700s Developed the naming system using Latin and Greek Names Systema Naturae (1973)

four different sources of names

Descriptive Scientists Name Geographic Places Organization

Descriptive
Staphylococcus aureus (grape-like cluster of spheres, golden in color), Streptococcus viridans (chains of spheres, green in colony color), Proteus vulgaris (first and common), Helicobacter pylori (spiral shaped rod at the entrance to the duodenum)

Scientists names
Escherichia coli (Theodor Esherich), Erlichia (Paul Erlich), Nessieria (Albert Neisser), Listeria (Joseph Lister), Pasturella (Louis Pasteur), Yersinia (AlexandreYersin), Bartonella (Alberto Barton), Morganella (H. de R. Morgan), Edwardsiella (P. R. Edwards)

Geographic places
Legionella longbeachiae (Long Beach, California), Pasturella tularensis (Tulare County, California), Pseudomonas fairmontensis (Fairmount Park, Pennsylvania), Mycobacterium genavense (Geneva, Switzerland), Blastomyces brasiliensis (Brazil), Providencia spp. (Brown University, Providence, RI)

Organizations
Legionella (American Legion), Afipia felis (Air Force Institute of Pathology), Cedecea spp. (Centers for Disease Control) Bilophila wadsworthia (VA Wadsworth Medical Center in Los Angeles)

MICROBIAL METABOLISM

Bacterial Metabolism

Fungal Metabolism

Viral Metabolism

Parasitic Metabolism

Culture Media

MICROBIAL CULTIVATION

Cultivation Methods

MICROBIAL CULTIVATION

MICROBIAL GENETICS

PHARMACEUTICALLY IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS

PRESERVATION OF MICROORGANISMS