Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
OVERALL FRAMEWORK
RESEARCH DATA
SECONDARY DATA
PRIMARY DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA
QUANTITATIVE DATA
EXPLORATION
DESCRIPTION
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Agenda Definition
When to use? Types
FOCUS GROUPS IN DEPTH INTERVIEW PROJECTIVE TECH.
Research used in range of activities from exploratory designs to means of completing explanations
Qualitative research assumes that people have meaningful actions or experiences that can be interpreted
Pros&Cons
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
POPULARITY COMES FROM:
*ECONOMICAL *FLEXIBLE *OPENS A DOOR TO WHY, HOW *RICHNESS OF DATA *BEST TO START WITH...
Characteristics of Case Studies: It gives very detailed information about individuals / group / community It may give a detailed explanation of a complete life cycle or part of it Number of cases studied may be small but the number of variables studied are usually more in-depth (e.g. if compared to a survey) Developmental Research: Conducted to research on the development of individuals / group / institution / community TWO TYPES: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Historical Research: Used to gain information on an event, development and/or previous educational experience Process may involve studying previous situation, checking on current situation, and to predict if the same situation will occur again Conclusion on previous event is done based on collected facts and evidences to answer why and how the event and repercussions occurred Useful to solve questions that involve sensitive issues Important for systematically & objectively collecting and defining facts and evidences
Procedure for Historical Research: Define the problem Specify source of evidence Collect evidence / reference materials Primary source / original (observation or witnesses of events or authentic objects e.g. artifacts, speech text, records etc.) Secondary source (materials or information collected from primary sources e.g. paintings, films, news reports, documents Critique of evidences
External critique: confirming if collected sources are genuine and reliable (authenticity of paintings, signatures, chemical analysis etc.) Internal critique: conducted after authenticity of source of information is confirmed involves evaluation of collected evidences is it important? Required?
Able to explain the researched phenomenon? Prepare the report Ethnographic Research: In-depth study of natural behaviours in a culture or social group Purpose to understand relationships between behaviour and culture
Example: In education to understand schooling process (e.g., immigrant children) Involves widespread observations (participant & nonparticipant)
Here often starts research without hypothesis hypothesis is developed in the process of observations, and the researcher explores and test his hypothesis
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Criteria
1. Degree of Structure Relatively high 2. Probing of individual Low respondents 3. Moderator bias Relatively medium 4. Interpretation bias Relatively low 5. Uncovering Low subconscious information 6. Discovering innovative High information 7. Obtaining sensitive Low information 8. Involve unusual No behavior or questioning 9. Overall usefulness Highly useful
Focus Groups
Depth Interviews
Projective Techniques
Yes
Somewhat useful
Telephone
Personal
Electronic
In-Home
By appointment
Internet
Traditional Telephone
Mail Interview
Mail Panel
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ADVANTAGES
Specific
DISADVANTAGES
Limited
research
problem Clear independent and dependent variable High level of reliability Minimum personal judgement
outcomes due to structured method Unability to control the environment Expensive(large number of respondents)
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Discovery of new Validation of ideas,insights facts,estimates, and feelings relationships Usually Descriptive and exploratory causal Openended,semiMostly structured structured, unstructured, probing
Representativeness Limited
Good
SUMMARY
Qualitative methods focus on generating exploratory initial/progressive insights into questions and problems Depth probing of hidden attitudes, feelings or behaviour
Focus Groups In depth Interviews Projective Techniques
SUMMARY
Quantitative Research is interested in using formalised, standard structured questioning, whereby response options are pre-determined Usually to be administered to significantly large numbers of people.
Descriptive (Surveys)
Causal (Experimentation)