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Transmission Media

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Chapter Objectives

Discuss characteristics of cables List the various types of copper wired cables Discuss fiber optic cables List the various types of wireless transmission media

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Recall - I

Topology is a pattern of computer devices and describes the way in which these devices are connected The disadvantages of bus topology are:

Entire network gets affected if main cable breaks Terminators are required at both ends of backbone cable Difficult to detect the faulty device Limited number of devices can be attached Heavy traffic degrades performance

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Recall - II

The advantages of ring topology are:


Easier to mange as compared to Bus network Handles large volume of traffic Very reliable and offers great speed Provides a good communication over a long distance No terminators are required
Full mesh topology Partial mesh topology

Types of mesh topology are:

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Characteristics of Cables

Segment Length Length of single wire Attenuation Indicates loss of signal Bandwidth Amount of data carried by cable Number of Segments Maximum number of segments in network Cost Copper cables are cheapest, fiber optic cables are expensive Interference susceptibility and crosstalk Defines concept of electronic interference on cables

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Types of cables

Copper medium is the cheapest mode of data transfer

Types of cables

Coaxial cable

Twisted pair cables

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Coaxial cable

Consist of a solid copper core surrounded by an insulator mainly made up of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) or Teflon Coaxial cables are less prone to interference (both internal and external)

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Types of Coaxial cable

Coaxial cables are mainly divided into four categories


Types of Coaxial cables

RG58

RG8

RG6

RG59

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RG58

Maximum segment length is 200 meters Interference protection is better than twisted pair cables Offers resistance of 50 ohms BNC-T connector is used to connect this cable Used in thinnet (10BASE2) network Mostly used in changing environments

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RG8

Maximum segment length is 500 meters Interference protection is good compared to any copper cable Offers resistance of 50 ohms BNC-T or Vampire Tap connector is used to connect this cable Used in 10BASE5 network

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RG6

Broadband quad-shielded cable that offers an impedance of 75 ohms Provides lower attenuation characteristics Useful in cable TV, CCTV and satellite dish antenna

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RG59

Solid conductor is surrounded by a foam polyethylene dielectric Offers impedance of 75 ohm Useful in security camera, cable TV and home theatre

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Twisted Pair Cables

A pair of cables twisted around each other forms a twisted pair cable.

Twisted Pair cables

Unshielded Twisted Pair

Shielded Twisted pair

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UTP Cables

Pair of unshielded wires wound around each other Easily gets affected by EMI, RFI and crosstalk Cable offers resistance of 50 ohms Maximum segment length is 100 meters

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UTP Cable Types


Cat 1 Cat 7 Cat 2

Cat 6

UTP

Cat 3

Cat 5e Cat 5

Cat 4

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STP Cables

Pair of wires wound around each other is placed inside shield Better protection from EMI, RFI and crosstalk as compared to UTP Offers resistance of 50 ohms Maximum segment length of 100 meters
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Case Study 1
The Mumbai branch of MoneyMaker bank has multiple departments, which are on different floors in the same building. Each department is interconnected using UTP cables. John, the network administrator has set up a client server environment and has used a star topology. The employees of the bank are unable to transmit data and information from one department to another in an efficient manner

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Problem

Data and information cannot be transmitted between the departments efficiently

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Suggested Solution

The problem is caused due to EMI emitted by the electrical transformers. John should use STP cables to interconnect the different departments located on each floor as STP provides better protection from EMI. The computers inside each department can be interconnected using UTP cables.

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Fiber Optic Medium


Consists of centre glass core surrounded by cladding Electrical signals are converted into light signals A phenomenon called as total internal reflection is used for transmission LED or laser is used to transmit signal

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Fiber Optic Cable Characteristics

Bandwidth Carries large amount of data ranging from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps Segment Length Transmits data signals over larger distance Interference No electric signals pass through these types of cables thus providing security

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Fiber Optic Cable Types

Fiber optic cables can carry signals in a single direction.


Fiber Optic Cable Types

Single Mode

Multi mode

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Single Mode Fiber Optic cable

A type of cable that has only a single strand of glass fiber with a thin diameter. Fiber optic cables that use lasers are known as single mode cable.

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Multi Mode Fiber Optic cable

A type of cable that contains a glass fiber with a larger diameter. It is a 62.5/125 micrometer fiber cable.

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Fiber Optic Cable Connectors

Straight Tip (ST) Joins individual fibers to optical devices Subscriber Connector (SC) Attaches two fibers to send and receive signals Medium Interface Connector (MIC) Joins fiber to FDDI controller Sub Miniature Type A (SMA) Uses individual connectors for each fiber stand Fiber Jack Attaches two fibers in snap lock connector
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Case Study 2

The Chennai branch of MoneyMaker bank has a database server. All departments are connected to this server using coaxial cables. These departments are unable to retrieve and update information from the server spontaneously. It takes a lot of time to get updated information.

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Problem

The employees of the bank are unable to retrieve information from the database quickly.

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Suggested Solution
The problem is caused due to the lower transmission speeds provided by the coaxial cables. These cables provide a maximum transfer rate of 10 Mbps. Thus, if all departments of the bank try to access the information from the server, the speed slows down. To increase the data transfer rate, the network administrator should use UTP Cat 6 twisted pair cables. This cable provides higher bandwidth and higher data transfer rate as compared to coaxial cables.

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Wireless Medium

Unguided form of transmission medium Transmitters and receivers are used to send and receive signals Involves use of electromagnetic waves such as microwave, infrared, radio waves etc. Wireless medium is useful in connecting large geographical areas

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Radio Waves

Line of sight between devices is not required Frequencies used are VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF and EHF

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Microwave

High frequency EM wave that is used for point to point communication Microwave Categories:

Terrestrial Relay towers are used to transmit

radio signals between earth stations Satellite Radio signals are transmitted between different base stations using satellites

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Infrared Transmission

Uses Infrared lights for transmission and reception of signals Line of sight must be maintained between the devices Mainly used in LAN environments LEDs or Injection Laser Diode (ILD) is used to transmit information and photodiodes are used to receive the signals

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Case Study - 3
Money Maker Bank plans to link all its branches located across India to a centralized server located in Mumbai. As all the branches are located at various geographical locations, the bank plans to maintain an account of all the transactions of each and every branch. The overhead cost of the current network is too high. So the network administrator wants to use a cost effective way.
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Problem

Identify the type of setup required to connect various branches to the central server in a cost effective manner.

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Suggested Solution
The bank should establish a wireless network from all the branches to the central server. This will reduce the cost of installing cables for interconnecting the branches. This will also reduce the overhead cost of maintenance of cables, as it is costlier to connect all the branches, which are spread in India, using cables.

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Media Comparison
Characteristics UTP STP Coaxial Cables Fiber Optic Cables Bandwidth 10 Mbps 100 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

Maximum cable segment

100 meters

100 meters

200 500 meters

2 k.m. 100 k.m.

Interference rating

Poor

Better than UTP

Better than twisted pair wires

Very good as compared to any other cable

Installation cost

Cheap

Costly than UTP

Costly than twisted pair wires

Most costly to install

Bend radius

360 degrees / feet

360 degrees / feet

360 degrees / feet or 30 degrees / feet

30 degrees / feet

Security

Low

Low

Low

High

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Summary I

Networking hardware involves all peripheral devices, interface cards and other components such as cables and wires that are used to establish network connection All cables have certain characteristics such as segment length, bandwidth, crosstalk, attenuation, interference susceptibility, cost and number of segments Different types of medium are available for transmitting data over the network such as copper medium, fiber optic medium and wireless medium Copper medium includes coaxial cables and twisted pair cables

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Summary II

Twisted pair cable consists of a pair of cables that is twisted around each other Two types twisted pair cable are STP and UTP Crosstalk is a phenomenon in which signals of one wire interfere with the signals transmitted over the other wire To avoid crosstalk, a pair of wires wound around each other and each pair is placed inside a protective foil wrap Types of UTP cables are Cat 1, Cat 2, Cat 3, Cat 4, Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6 and Cat 7 STP cable types include Cat 5e and 150 ohm shielded cable
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Summary III

Coaxial cables consist of a solid copper core that is surrounded by an insulator which is again covered by a mesh like ground wire and an outer cover known as a sheath Thinwire or RG-58 cable is approximately 0.64 cm in diameter and is used in constantly changing environments BNC connector is used to connect devices to the thinnet coaxial cable network RG-8 cable is approximately 1 cm in diameter and used as a backbone cable

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Summary IV

For RG-6 cable, the center conductor is 1.05 mm in diameter and for RG-59 cable is 0.86 mm A fiber optic cable consists of a centre glass core that is surrounded by a glass cladding, Kevlar fibers and an outer sheath material LEDs and lasers are used to transmit light signals through the fiber optic cables There are two types of fiber optic cables available namely single mode and multi mode

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Summary V

The primary types of connectors used to connect fiber cables are ST, SC, SMA, Fiber Jack and MIC In wireless medium, signals are transmitted through air and space using radio and satellite networks High frequency radio waves used for point to point communication of audio, data and video signals are called as microwaves Infrared wireless transmission networks use Infrared lights to send and receive signals

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