Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 20
Metabolic Diversity: Phototrophy, Autotrophy, Chemolithotrophy, and Nitrogen Fixation
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
20.1 Photosynthesis 20.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls 20.3 Carotenoids and Phycobilins
20.1 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the most important biological process
on Earth
Phototrophs are organisms that carry out photosynthesis
Patterns of Photosynthesis
Figure 20.2
Patterns of Photosynthesis
Figure 20.2
membranes
In eukaryotes, called thylakoids In prokaryotes, pigments are integrated into cytoplasmic
membrane
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 20.3a
Absorption Spectrum
Figure 20.3b
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.5a
Chloroplast Structure
Figure 20.5b
Figure 20.7
Figure 20.9
Figure 20.11
Figure 20.14
Figure 20.18
photosystem II
Z scheme of photosynthesis
Photosystem II transfers energy to photosystem I
Figure 20.19
II. Autotrophy
Figure 20.22
to fix CO2
Green nonsulfur bacteria use the hydroxyproprionate pathway to fix CO2
Figure 20.24a
Figure 20.24b
III. Chemolithotrophy
20.8 20.9
20.13 Anammox
known
Catalyzed by hydrogenase In the presence of organic compounds such as glucose, synthesis of Calvin cycle and hydrogenase enzymes is repressed
Figure 20.25
electron acceptor
Sulfur Bacteria
Figure 20.26
Figure 20.27a
Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria
Figure 20.28
20.12 Nitrification
NH3 and NO2- are oxidized by nitrifying bacteria during the
process of nitrification Two groups of bacteria work in concert to fully oxidize ammonia to nitrate
NH3 > NO2- by Nitrosomonas sp. NO2- > NO3 by Nitrobacter sp.
20.12 Nitrification
Key enzymes are ammonia monooxygenase,
hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, and nitrite oxidoreductase
20.13 Anammox
Anammox: anoxic ammonia oxidation
20.14 Nitrogenase and Nitrogen Fixation 20.15 Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation N2
NH3
Process in which nitrogen gas is reduced to form ammonia Ammonia can be incorporated into cellular material Animals rely on prokaryotes to convert nitrogen gas to a form that can be assimilated to create biomass Nitrogenase mediates nitrogen fixation Enzyme complex is readily inactivated by oxygen Nitrogen fixing microbes called diazotrophs must have mechanism to protect nitrogenase complex from oxygen exposure
N2 Fixing Bacteria
May be free living or form symbiotic associations with higher
Other aerobic bacteria have a high metabolic rate that consumes O2 near the cytoplasmic membrane
Figure 20.35
Nitrogenase Function
Figure 20.36
Figure 20.37
Figure 20.39
demanding process
nif regulon coordinates regulation of genes essential to nitrogen fixation Oxygen and ammonia are the two main regulatory effectors