Bluebook 101: Short Citation Forms (id.

, supra, hereinafter)
R. 4 (and others) Gallagher Law Library, May 2011

Purpose of Citation
Citations enable your reader
to find the sources you cite to evaluate your argument based (in part) on what you cite
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Short forms help readers by

streamlining footnotes
while preserving the ability to find and assess cited material
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Compare
Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.). 13. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479, 480 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.). 14. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479, 480 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.). 15. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479, 481 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.). 16. Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479, 481 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.).
12.

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with
Northern Spotted Owl (Strix Occidentalis Caurina) v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479 (W.D. Wash. 1988) (Zilly, J.). 13. Id. at 480. 14. Id. 15. Id. at 481. 16. Id.
12.

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Id.
short for idem (Latin for same) used when citing the very same thing you cited just before can be different page or section or even volume
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Examples
25.

United States v. Am. Library Assn, 539 U.S. 194 (2003) 26. Id. 27. Id. at 203. 28. See 3 J. PETTIGREW SCHOLAR, BIG TREATISE ON LAW 14.6 (2006). 29. See id. at 15.7. 30. 4 id. at 23.1 (2005).
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Id. used within a footnote

60.

See, e.g., Dan Jerker B. Svantesson, Geo-Location Technologies and Other Means of Placing Borders on the Borderless' Internet, 23 J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER & INFO. L. 101, 137 (2004) (arguing that geo-location technologies may...eliminate the regulatory difficulties associated with the Internet's borderlessness); see also id. at 109-14 (describing filtering technologies available for website operators and accuracy rates).

120 Harv. L. Rev. 1031, 1041 (2007)

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Whats wrong with this?

54.

See, e.g., This Guy v. That Guy, 390 F.3d 123 (9th Cir. 2007); Whosis v. Whatchamacallit, 330 F.3d 321 (6th Cir. 2005). 55. Id.

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Supra and hereinafter

OK to use for: books articles reports nonprint sources legislative hearings internal cross-refs Generally not OK to use for: cases statutes constitutions restatements

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Font
Use the same font as if citing the whole work e.g.,
large and small caps for book authors ordinary roman for author of law review article

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Examples
107. JANE

K. WINN & BENJAMIN WRIGHT, THE LAW OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 3.3 (4th ed. 2007). 108. This Company v. That Company, 200 P.3d 789 (Cal. 2005). 109. See WINN & WRIGHT, supra note 107. 110. See also Svantesson, supra note 60, at 120.

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Use Hereinafter
if supra form would be cumbersome
if supra form would be ambiguous

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Examples
84.

See U.S. GEN. ACCOUNTING OFFICE, CHARITABLE CHOICE: FEDERAL GUIDANCE ON STATUTORY PROVISIONS COULD IMPROVE CONSISTENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION 2223 (2002) [hereinafter GAO, CHARITABLE CHOICE]. Other stuff, another source. 85. See GAO, CHARITABLE CHOICE, supra note 84, at 22-23.
116 Harv. L. Rev. 1353, 1377 (2003)
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Word Tips for Cross-References

Legal Andrew, Harness the Power of Word Cross-References for Mammoth Documents

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Gallagher Law Library University of Washington School of Law Box 353025 Seattle WA 98195-3025 http://lib.law.washington.edu

We are happy to have our guides used by other libraries, librarians, and legal researchers. Before copying or adapting one of our guides, please contact Cheryl Nyberg (cnyberg [at] uw.edu) to obtain permission. Then give appropriate attribution, such as: "Adapted from a guide by Mary Whisner at the Gallagher Law Library website."
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