Transmission system

The power developed by the engine is to be transmitted to the driving Wheel Some device capable of changing speed and power to meet the frequency changes in the requirements demand on the engine in need in order to propel the automotive vehicle.

these device are called trasmissions

Components such as Clutches Gear box Coupling Propeller shaft Axles and differential

Requirement of automotive transmission

To disconnect engine from the driver wheels To connect the engine smoothly and without shock to driving wheels To vary the leverage between the engine and driving wheels To reduce the speed of engine in proper ratio according to the performance of

the vehicle
To turn the drive around through 90 deg. To drive the wheel at different speed ,while taking a curve To allow a relative movement between the engine and the diving wheel because of the flexibility and contour of the road

CLUTCHES

INTRODUCTION
A clutch is a mechanical device which provides for the transmission of power (and therefore usually motion) from one component (the driving member) to another (the driven member).

Clutches are used whenever the ability to limit the transmission of power or motion needs to be controlled either in amount or over time; clutches control whether automobiles transmit engine power to the wheels).

AN EXAMPLE Clutch for a drive shaft: The clutch disc (center) spins with the flywheel (left). To disengage, the lever is pulled (black arrow), causing a white pressure plate (right) to disengage the green clutch disc from turning the drive shaft, which turns within the thrustbearing ring of the lever. Never will all 3 rings connect, with no gaps.

Need and types

Clutches classified as positive and gradual engagement clutches 1. Friction clutch Dry clutch Cone clutch Wet clutch

2. Centrifugal clutch
3. Semi centrifugal clutch 4.Conical spring clutch 5. Positive clutch 6. Hydraulic clutch 7. Electro magnetic clutch

requirements
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Gradual engagement Torque transmission Heat dissipation Vibration damping Dynamic balancing Free pedal play Ease to operation

Functions
to engage or disengage the rest of the transmission as required To transmit the engine power to the rear

wheel without shock

To enable the gear to great engaged when the vehicle is in motion

TYPES OF CLUTCHES
1. FRICTION CLUTCHES

Friction clutches are by far the most well-known type of clutches . friction clutches have pairs of conical disk, or ring-shaped mating surfaces and means for pressing the surfaces together. The pressure may be created by a spring or a series of levers locked in position by the wedging action of a conical spool

Materials
Various materials have been used for the disc friction facings, including asbestos in the past. Modern clutches typically use a compound organic resin with copper wire facing or a ceramic material. A typical coefficient of friction used on a friction disc surface is 0.35 for organic and 0.25 for ceramic. Ceramic materials are typically used in heavy applications such as trucks carrying large loads or racing

CLASSIFICATION OF FRICTION CLUTCHES Friction disk clutches generally are classified as "Push Type" or "Pull Type" depending on the location of the pressure plate fulcrum points. 1. PUll TYPE:In a pull type clutch,
the action of pressing the pedal pulls the release bearing, pulling on the diaphragm spring and disengaging the vehicle drive.

2. PUSH TYPE:
In a push type, the release bearing is pushed into the clutch disengaging the vehicle drive. In this instance, the release bearing can be known as a thrust bearing

FACTORS FOR CLUTCH DESIGNING

To design analyze the performance of these devices, a knowledge on the following are required. 1. The torque transmitted 2. The actuating force. 3. The energy loss 4. The temperature rise

Clutch is an device for quickly and easily connecting or disconnecting a pair of rotatable coaxial shafts. Clutches are usually placed between the driving motor and the input shaft to a machine and provide a convenient means for starting and stopping the machine and permitting the driving motor or engine to be started in an unloaded state (as in an automobile).

Mechanical clutches provide either a positive (no-slip) or a friction-dependent drive. Positive clutches are collars with jaws that interlock, one member being rigidly attached to its shaft while the other slides on its shaft.

Clutch operation in automobiles

In a car the clutch is operated by the left-most pedal using hydraulics or a cable connection from the pedal to the clutch mechanism. No pressure on the pedal means that the clutch plates are engaged (driving), while depressing the pedal disengages the clutch plates, allowing the driver to shift gears or coast.

A manual transmission contains cogs for selecting gears. These cogs have matching teeth, called dog teeth, which means that the rotation speeds of the two parts have to match for engagement. This speed matching is achieved by a secondary clutch called a synchronizer, a device that uses frictional contact to bring the two parts to the same speed, and a locking mechanism called a blocker ring to prevent engagement of the teeth .

FEW TYPES OF CLUTCHES USED IN AUTOMOBILES

1. WET CLUTCH : A "wet clutch"

is immersed in a cooling lubricating fluid which also keeps the surfaces clean and gives smoother performance and longer life. Wet clutches, however, tend to lose some energy to the liquid. E.G. Hele-Shaw clutch 2. DRY CLUTCH : A "dry clutch", as the name implies, is not bathed in fluid and should be, literally, dry.

Cone clutch:
It s friction type clutch Which is consist of conical friction surface

Female cone is an integral part with engine shaft

Male cone is mounted on the clutch shaft over splines, so that it can slide over Conical portion only frictional surface When the clutch is engaged, male cone come contact with the frictional surface of the female cone by means of the spring force and the clutch is disengaged In fully engaged condition ,the male cone remain fully with the female cone so that the friction surface remain in complete contact

In the engaged position the power is transmitted from the engine shaft to female
cone In the disengaged, the male cone is pull out, her by contact surface are made free

Performance Clutches
The pros of performance clutches are; 1. A performance clutch transfers more torque than its stock equivalent. 2. A well designed performance clutch will engage decisively under extreme conditions. 3. Faster gear changes . 4. It will withstand abrupt, high RPM engagement .

MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF CLUTCHES 1.

:

Belt clutch:

Used on agricultural equipment and some piston-engine-driven helicopters. Engine power is transmitted via a set of vee-belts that are slack when the engine is idling .

Belt clutch

2.

Dog clutch:
Utilized in automobile manual transmissions mentioned above. Positive engagement, non-slip. Typically used where slipping is not acceptable. Partial engagement under any significant load tends to be destructive.

Dog clutch used to drive the platter in a microwave

3. Hydraulic clutch:
The driving and driven members are not in physical contact; coupling is hydrodynamic. Fluid couplings are used in many industrial application involving rotational power, especially in machine drives that involve highinertia.
4. Electromagnetic clutch: Magnetic particle clutches have magnetically influenced particles contained in a chamber between driving and driven members which upon application of direct current causes the particles to clump together and adhere to the operating surfaces. Engagement and slippage are notably smooth.
HYDRAULIC CLUTCH

ELECTROMAGNETIC CLUTCH

Single plate clutch

Single plate clutch

It consist of following main parts 1. Driving shaft 2. Driven shaft 3. Pressure plate WORKING Pressure is applied to foot pedal, pressure transmitted through release finger,

fork, fork and release finger. Then , the springs are compressed and it
moves back the pressure disc thus releasing the clutch plate. Now the clutch plate is said to be disengaged. At this stage , the pressure plate and the flywheel are free to rotate with the clutch plate stationary. Similarly ,when the clutch pedal is released ,spring pressure is fully released ,spring pressure is fully applied o the clutch plate . The plate is held between flywheel and the pressure gauge and rotates as a single unit, thus the

clutch is said to be engaged

Multiplate clutch:

Gear boxes
Transmission refers to the transfer of engine torque to another system wherever required .a reduction unit used for this purpose is the gear box It is the device placed in between the clutch and thee rest of the transmission .it is a device that changes the speed and the torque and transmits power form the engine to the driven wheel.

FUNCTION OF THE GEAR:

1. to exchange engine power for greater torque and provide mechanical advantage to the drive the vehicle under different operating conditions. 2. To provide reverse motion 3. To provide neutral position and disallow power flow to the rest of the transmission 4. When the vehicle is moving, torque are a no. of forces opposing the motion Air or wind resistance Gradient resistance Rolling resistance must be made available. To overcome the variation of all the resistance at varied speed, gear box is provided

In order to keep the vehicle moving ,torque equal to the sum of opposing forces

TYPES OF GEAR BOX

gear box are generally classified as 1. Selective type 2. Progressive type 3. Epicyclic or planetary type Selective type is further classified as I) sliding mesh Ii) synchro mesh Iii) Constant mesh Other special classification are I) over drive Ii) chrysler semi-automatic Iii )automatic i) hydomatic drive ii)torque converter gear box

Sliding mesh gear box

5. Overrunning clutch or freewheel:

1. Typical bicycles have these so that the rider can stop pedaling and coast . 2. The winding knob of a camera employs a (silent) wrap-spring type as a clutch in winding and as a brake in preventing it from being turned backwards. 3. The rotor drive train in helicopters.

Common Clutch Problems:

1.

The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake, or the shoes of a drum brake . Another problem sometimes associated with clutches is a worn thrust bearing. This problem is often characterized by a rumbling noise whenever the clutch engages.

2.

3. Excessive riding on the clutch will

wear out the thrust bearing prematurely . There must be free play between the diaphragm of the clutch and the thrust bearing .

4.

The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. So if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you will wear out your clutch a lot faster.

USE OF CLUTCHES IN OTHER DEVICES

AN OVERVIEW OF CLUTCHES
As we know that, A clutch is a mechanical device which provides for the transmission of power (and therefore usually motion) from one component (the driving member) to another (the driven member). The opposite component of the clutch is the brake.

Clutches are used whenever the ability to limit the transmission of power or motion needs to be controlled either in amount or over time (e.g. electric screwdrivers limit how much torque is transmitted through use of a clutch; clutches control whether automobiles transmit engine power to the wheels).

AN VIDEO TO EXPLAIN ITS WORKING