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due to
a Current-
Carrying Wire
Biot-Savart
Law
AP Physics C
Mrs. Coyle
Hans Christian Oersted, 1820
Magnetic fields are caused by currents.
Hans Christian Oersted in 1820s showed
that a current carrying wire deflects a
compass.
No Current in the Wire
Current in the Wire
Right Hand Curl Rule
Magnetic Fields of Long Current-Carrying
Wires
B =
o
I
2t r
I = current through the wire (Amps)
r = distance from the wire (m)
o
= permeability of free space
= 4t x 10
-7
T m / A
B = magnetic field strength (Tesla)
I
Magnetic Field of a Current
Carrying Wire
http://www.walter-
fendt.de/ph14e/mfwire.htm
What if the current-carrying wire is not
straight? Use the Biot-Savart Law:
2
0
4
r
r ds
B
= I d
t
Note:
dB is perpendicular to ds and r
Assume a small segment of
wire ds causing a field dB:
Biot-Savart Law allows us to calculate
the Magnetic Field Vector
To find the total field, sum up the contributions
from all the current elements I ds
The integral is over the entire current distribution
2
4
I
o
d
r
=
}
s r
B
=
2
0
4
i
i i
I
r
r ds
B
t
B d
a
a
=
=
}
( )
sin
d dx = s r k
If the conductor is an infinitely long,
straight wire, u
1
= 0 and u
2
= t
The field becomes:
2
I
o
B
a
=
a
B for a Curved Wire Segment
Find the field at point O
due to the wire segment
AACC:
B=0 due to AA and CC
Due to the circular arc:
u=s/R, will be in radians
4
I
o
B
R
=
2
4
I
o
d
r
=
}
s r
B
B at the Center of a Circular Loop of Wire
Consider the previous
result, with u = 2t
I I
I
= =
=
2
4 4
2
o o
o
B
R R
B
R
Note
The overall shape of the magnetic field of
the circular loop is similar to the magnetic
field of a bar magnet.
B along the axis of a Circular Current Loop
Find B at point P
( )
2
3
2 2 2
2
I
o
x
R
B
x R
=
+
2
4
I
o
d
r
=
}
s r
B
If x=0, B same as at center of a loop
If x is at a very large distance away
from the loop.
x>>R:
( )
2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
2
I I
o o
x
R R
B
x
x R
= =
+
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel
Conductors
The field B
2
due to
the current in wire 2
exerts a force on
wire 1 of
F
1
= I
1
B
2
1 2
1
2
I I
o
F
a
=
I
=
2
2
2
o
B
a
Magnetic Field at Center of a Solenoid
B =
o
NI
L
N: Number of
turns
L: Length
n=N/L
------------------------L----------------
Direction of Force Between Two
Parallel Conductors
If the currents are in the:
same direction the wires attract each other.
opposite directions the wires repel each other.
Magnetic Force Between Two
Parallel Conductors, F
B
Force per unit length:
1 2
2
I I
B o
F
a
=
Definition of the Ampere
When the magnitude of the force per unit
length between two long parallel wires that
carry identical currents and are separated
by 1 m is 2 x 10
-7
N/m, the current in each
wire is defined to be 1 A
Definition of the Coulomb
The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, is
defined in terms of the ampere
When a conductor carries a steady current
of 1 A, the quantity of charge that flows
through a cross section of the conductor in
1 s is 1 C
Biot-Savart Law: Field produced by current
carrying wires
Distance a from long straight wire
Centre of a wire loop radius R
Centre of a tight Wire Coil with N turns
Force between two wires
a
I I
l
F
t
2
2 1 0
=
a
I
B
t
2
0
=
R
I
B
2
0
=
R
NI
B
2
0
=
2
0
4
r
r ds
B
= I d
t