Shaft Power Cycle

Priagung Wibowo 13110020

Roland Dimas Winata 13110139

Presentation outline
2.1 Ideal Cycle 2.2 Methods of Accounting for Component losses 2.3 Design Point Performance Calculations 2.4 Comparative Performance of Practical Cycles 2.5 Combined Cycles and Cogeneration Schemes 2.6 Closed-cycle Gas Turbine

2.1 IDEAL CYCLE

Ideal Cycle
The assumption of ideal conditions: 1. Compression and expansion processes are reversible and adiabatic. 2. The change of kinetic energy of the working fluid is negligible. 3. There are no pressure losses. 4. The working fluid has the same composition throughout the cycle and is perfect gas with constant specific heat. 5. The mass flow of gas is constant throughout the cycle.

Simple gas turbine cycle

Heat-exchange cycle
This cycle is use to increase the efficiency But, for higher value of r a heat exchanger would cool the air leaving the compressor and then the efficiency decrease.

 It can be concluded that to obtain an appreciable improvement in efficiency by heat exchanger a) A value of r appreciably less than the optimum for maximum specific work output should be used b) It is not necessary to use a higher cycle pressure ratio as the max cycle temperature is increased.

Reheat cycle
Increasing the specific work output can be obtained by splitting the expansion and reheating the gas between the HP &LP turbine.

Cycle with reheat and heat-exchange

The reduction in efficiency due to reheat can be overcome by adding heat exchanger. The higher exhaust gas temperature is now fully utilized in the HE and increase in work input is no longer offset by increase in heat supplied.

Cycle with intercolled compression

A similar improvement in specific work output to that obtained by reheat can be achieved by spitting the compressor and intercooling the gas between the HP &LP compressor. Intercooling process increase the cycle efficiency only when a heat exchanger is also incorporated.

2.2 METHOD OF ACCOUNTING FOR COMPONENT LOSSES

Why we cannot assume that the real cycle as an ideal cycle?

Because fluid velocities are high in turbomachinery, the kinetic energy change cannot be ignored. There are fluid friction in HE, results in pressure losses. If a HE is to be of economic size, terminal temperature difference are inevitable.

 Slightly more work than that required for the compression process will be necessary to overcome bearing friction. The value Cp and of the working fluid vary throughout the cycle due to changes of temperature and chemical composition. With internal combustion, mass flow through the turbine might be thought to be greater than that through the compressor by virtue of the fuel added.

Methods of Accounting for Component losses

Stagnation Properties Compressor and Turbine Efficiencies Pressure Losses Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Mechanical Losses Variation of Specific Heat Fuel/air ratio, combustion ratio and Cycle Efficiency Bleed Flows

Stagnation properties
The kinetic energy terms in steady flow energy equation can be accounted for implicity by making use of stagnation enthalpy. Stagnation Enthalpy 2 Phisically the h0 is the 0 = + enthalpy which a gas 2 stream of enthalpy h and Stagnation Temperature 2 velocity C would posses 0 = + when brought to rest 2 adiabatically and without Stagnation pressure 1 work transfer 0 0 =

Compressor and Turbine Efficiencies

Isentropic efficiency The efficiency of any machine is normally expressed in terms ratio of actual and ideal work transfers (absorption or production work) Compressor:
0 02 01 = = 0 02 01

Polytropic efficiency Defined as the isentropic efficiency of an elemental stage in the process such that it is constant throughout the whole process.

= =

Turbine:

0 03 04 = = 0 03 04

Pressure losses
In the combustion chamber a loss in stagnation pressure occurs due to a) the aerodynamic resistance of flame-stabilizing and mixing devices. b) momentum changes produce by the exothermic reaction.

Pressure losses have the effect decreasing the turbine pressure ratio relative to the compressor pressure ratio and thus reduce the net work output from the plant The pressure loss in combustor can be minimized by using large combustion chamber with low velocities.

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness

Effectiveness or thermal ratio of HE: the different over two temperature ranges 05 02 = 04 02

Variation of specific heat

The properties Cp and play an important part in the estimation of cycle performance and it is necessary to take account of variation due to changing condition through the cycle Cp and decrease with increase in fuel/air ratio

Mechanical Losses
In all gas turbine all the power from turbine is transmitted directly to the compressor without any gearing, any loss that occurs is therefore due only to bearing and windage. This loss is very small (1% of the power) Losses can be significant especially for small gas turbine of low power.

Bleed Flows
Turbine: It is possible to operate with uncooled blades up to 1350-1400 K It can be assumed that the mass flow remain constant. At higher temperature it is necessary to extract air to cool both stator and rotor blade (bleeds) The required bleeds may amount to 15% or more of the compressor delivery flow Cooling the compressor flow will cause some reduction in the effective temperature at entry rotor. And this effect will carrying out the enthalpy balance

2.3 DESIGN POINT PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

Design Point Performance Calculation

It is necessary to outline the method of calculating the performance in any particular case for specified values of the design parameters (compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, component efficiencies and pressure losses).

2.4 Comparative peformance of practical cycles

2.4 Comparative peformance of practical cycles

Simple gas turbine cycle

Heat exchange ( or regenerative) cycle

Heat exchange (regenerative ) cycle with reheat or intercooling

2.5 Combined cycle plant and cogeneration scheme

2.5 Combined cycle plant and cogeneration scheme

Combined cycle

Cogeneration plant

Repowering

2.6 Closed-cycle gas turbine

2.6 Closed-cycle gas turbine