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Magnetism

An attractive topic

Nisha Ganesan A -17

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Why does this happen?

Magnetism
Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. It is due to a magnetic field, which is caused by moving electrically charged particles or is inherent in magnetic objects such as a magnet. Magnetism is also known as property of material that respond to an applied magnetic field.

Origin of magnetism
The term comes from the ancient Greek city magnesia, where natural magnets were found. The natural magnets are known as lodestones (also spelled as loadstone; lode means to lead or to attract). Chinese as early as 121AD knew that iron rod which brought near one of these natural magnet would acquire magnetic property and align themselves in the north-south direction.

Magnets
A magnet is a object that exhibit a strong magnetic field and attract object towards it. Every magnet have two poles North (N) South(S) If a magnet is cut still each half will have two poles i.e. north and south.

Properties of magnet
Magnets always has two poles therefore the simplest magnetic structure is a magnetic dipole. Like magnetic poles repel each other. Unlike magnetic field attract each other.

Magnetic fields
Magnetic field is the area around the magnet where magnetic forces act. A magnetic field is made up of magnetic lines of force. Magnetic lines of force show the shape of magnetic field. The magnetic lines of force are closest together at poles of magnet

Temporary magnets
Easy to magnetize Lose their magnetism quickly e.g. soft iron

Permanent magnets
Hard to magnetize. Stay magnetized longer than temporary magnets. e.g. cobalt, nickel, aluminum.

Classification of substances
Based on the magnetic properties substances are classified into

Diamagnetic substances Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances

Diamagnetic substances
They are weakly repelled by the magnetic field. When suspended in non-uniform magnetic field has tendency to move from stronger to weaker parts of field. e.g. antimony, bismuth, copper.

Paramagnetic substances
They are weakly attracted by the magnetic field. When suspended in a non-uniform magnetic field has tendency to move from weaker to stronger parts of field. e.g. platinum, manganese.

Ferromagnetic substances
They are strongly attracted by the magnetic field. When suspended in a non uniform magnetic field has tendency to move from weaker to stronger parts of the field. e.g. iron, nickel, cobalt.

Ferromagnetism on the basis of domain theory


Contains large no of groups of atoms called domains. All atoms within a domain have dipole pointing in one direction Domains are small and irregular in shape but fit to form a mosaic pattern. Magnetic dipole is randomly oriented in a unmagnetised substance and the resultant magnetic dipole is zero.

In weak external magnetic field


Some domains grow in size while some shrink The domains having magnetic momentum in the direction of external field grows. The substance gain some net dipole momentum in the direction of external field and gets partially magnetized. When the external field is removed they return back to their original position

In strong external magnetic field


The domains rotate suddenly and align themselves in the direction of the external field . This process is called flipping or domain rotation. When all the domains are aligned, magnetic saturation takes place. The substance retains this magnetism permanently.

Earths magnetic properties


Gilbert was the scientist who showed that Earth behaves as a magnet. The earths magnetic field is strongest at the poles. Earths magnetic field is called the magnetosphere. Magnetic poles of earth are different from geographic poles.

Uses of magnetism
Magnetism is used almost in every walks of life. Magnetism is used in refrigerator, doorbell. It is mainly used for industrial purposes. It is used in machines. Used to separate different metal from one another. It is mainly used in compass to find direction.

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